托福阅读如何更快看完文章?

时间:2023-10-12 07:49:31 其他范文 收藏本文 下载本文

托福阅读如何更快看完文章?(共8篇)由网友“风中雨中”投稿提供,以下是小编精心整理的托福阅读如何更快看完文章?,希望对大家有所帮助。

托福阅读如何更快看完文章?

篇1:托福阅读如何更快看完文章?

托福阅读如何更快看完文章?提升阅读速度这4个方法很实用

优化阅读速度先练词汇基础

托福阅读考试词汇是重要考点。相信不少同学都有这种感觉,在托福备考 的过程中,如果认认真真的将一本单词书背诵和理解70-80%,这时候大家就会发现,托福阅读理解并不是一件那么困难的事情。换句话说,词汇水平会直接决定和改变大家的阅读速度。当然,小编需要提醒大家,虽然托福词汇 量基础很重要,但是单词的理解还是需要回归到句子中才能彻底看懂的,仅仅纠结单词本身的含义,对于阅读的提升也不会带来很多帮助。

提升语法水平应对长难句

当然,想要快速理解句子中的完整内容,仅仅依靠词汇量的提升还是不够的。在很大部分时间中,我们还是需要靠语法知识准确的理解其中的内容。特别是在文章中一些长难句的理解过程中,考生就需要通过词汇与语法的互相结合,精准定位准确找到答案。小编建议大家在练习托福阅读的同时,也需要找到自己语法知识的弱点加以强化,同时,对于一些长句和复杂句加以反复的练习,找到适合自己的方法。

培养良好的阅读习惯把握敏感词

在托福考试 中,托福阅读的时间对于多数同学来说都会是比较紧张的。所以,在托福阅读的训练中养成一个良好的习惯是非常重要的。比如,在托福阅读练习中,尽量避免逐字逐句阅读、出声阅读的方式,这样的方法都会拖延阅读时间。同时,在阅读内容中,我们也需要学会把握住特别敏感的一些词汇。比如逻辑转换关系词,看到(because, so, therefore)应该马上就会联想到因果关系的内容,而(also, furthermore )之后就是递进关系的内容,这样对于自己的阅读速度的提升也会有很大帮助。

了解题型特点针对性阅读

最后,对于托福阅读的来说,全面了解好各种阅读题型的答题方法,也会帮助自己提升答题速度。比如,很多同学在最后一题花费不少时间,但总还最容易丢分。我们也可以利用选项去回想每个分别在前十三道题目中的哪些地方出现过。结合题目做跳板,对应到相应的段落,就无需通篇寻找了。

托福阅读高分必备技巧

托福考试阅读技巧一:达成托福阅读词汇要求

对于阅读部分的单词,单词意思放在首位,而不是拼写和发音,也就是说在前几遍的背诵中,只需要做到看到单词,迅速反应出意思即可。需要注意的是反应时间超过2秒的,都算是没有背下来,因为在托福阅读中,我们的阅读量很大,要想做完题目,阅读速度要在100words/min,没有很长时间给我们思考单词的意思,所以要十分熟悉单词、反应快。

大量、多次、重复背诵,不要一个单词盯很久。比如说,10个单词,先花5分钟背第一遍,再花3-4分钟背第二遍、第三遍,这样的背诵方法比每个单词盯着看3-5分钟要有效得多,有利于我们集中精力,也不容易产生倦怠感。

按照记忆曲线,对于背过的单词要有计划的定期重复,我们才能把单词从我们大脑中的快速记忆区挪到长期记忆区。比如早上背了10个单词重复了3遍,这些单词只是暂时留在了快速记忆区,随着时间的推移,很容易会遗忘,那么我们可以安排晚上和第二天早上再拿出来看一遍,两天以后再复习一遍,一周以后再复习一遍,这些单词就逐渐转存到了你的长期记忆区。在重复时发现有遗忘的部分不要担心,这是正常现象,慢慢重复你会发现忘记的越来越少,记住的越来越多。

托福考试阅读技巧二:学会分析托福阅读长难句

理解长难句的能力可以说是托福考试的核心能力。一开始,我们会明显感受到,有些真题中的句子里明明每个单词都很熟悉,但是我必须要反复看3-5遍以上,才能比较好的理解它,有的时候看了后面忘了前面,看了这句,忘了上句,浪费时间不说还做不对题目。

其实,这和我们平时的初高中课堂上讲语法多、用语法少的现象有关。我们的语法知识储备不少,但是欠缺训练把语法知识运用到长难句的理解中。

语法中比较难理解的其实就是定语从句、后置定语,在中文中,我们的定语无论多长都加个“的”然后放在名词前面;然而在英文中,定语的位置和形式变换很多,给我们设置了很多的阅读障碍。

例如托福真题中的长难句:

“A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into thenineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or tosoften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finestquality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects fromthe most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from aliquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.”

句子其实就是一个简单句Improvements produced an instrument,然后加上了后置定语、同位语的修饰成分而已:一系列技术进步(19世纪的,包括123种),产生了一个有好多音效的乐器,这些音效从某种声音1到某种声音2,从某种声音3到某种声音4。

考生们在通过系统的语法学习后,再把它利用到分析和理解真题中的长难句,达到阅读中的任何长难句读一遍就能get到它的意思。

托福阅读考察的文章来自大学中的课本,课本中的文章都是说明文,这就意味着我们可以通过相对稳定的结构找到主旨,通过精读相应背景下的文章,可以掌握各种背景的核心场景词汇。

如何通过精读不断提升阅读能力呢?

在阅读当中,精读和泛读都是非常重要的。很多同学做了很多TPO,但是并没有及时的总结和精读。如果只是一味刷题,而不回头看都存在哪些问题,也不知道自己的问题究竟在哪,那读十篇文章,还不如读一篇文章十遍。

精读的要点:

词:专门总结、整理出你文章中不认识的单词并记忆。

句:用word文档或者是软件整理出文章中读不懂的句子,这是长难句的理解,提高你阅读速度很重要的一点;也可由授课老师指定长难句材料作为练习内容。

段:概括出这个段落大意。对于阅读,这是基本的能力素养;对于考试,这是做对多选题有很大的提示作用。

正确选项:分析正确选项为什么对,你要想明白,在原文中画出答案的依据,在比较选项,体会ETS是如何改写原文的。

托福阅读考试流程介绍

1.托福阅读考试流程

托福阅读部分在四个module(读、听、说、写)中最先进行,也是唯一不需要借助听力完成的一个部分。

一旦开始答题,每一篇阅读文章必须先通读或滚动至屏幕末尾,才可以看到问题。一般来说,在每一道题目的回答界面,屏幕右手边是该题所对应的文章部分内容,题目则出现在屏幕的左侧。通过点击屏幕右上方区域的不同功能键,可以实现不同题目间的前进、后退、检查答题情况、查看文本、帮助等功能。同时,屏幕右上方还可以点击选择显示/隐藏的考试所剩余的时间。在每个计时部分剩余时间为0时,考试自动进入下一部分,而不再允许回看。

2.托福阅读考试时长

托福阅读由3或5篇长度为每篇700单词左右的文章构成,包括阅读文章及解答题目的时间在内,每次考试阅读部分一共有60(如果考3篇文章)分钟或100分钟(如果考5篇文章)。考试过程中,第1篇文章单独倒计时,长度为20分钟;第2、4篇文章以及可能有的第4、5篇文章每2篇合并倒计时,长度各为40分钟。因此整个托福的阅读考试可以被看成由两(考3篇文章时)到三(考5篇文章时)个分别计时的部分构成,每个部分之间相互独立,先后进行。所以考试研究中心提醒考生必须注意,这60或100分钟考试时间不是可以自由分配到不同文章和题目中的。

3.托福阅读考试文章类型

托福阅读的3或5篇700单词左右的文章全都节选自高校本科水平的教材,通常为针对某一学术领域的介绍。一般不做任何修改,从而能够更好地被用于评估考生在学术英语氛围下的阅读能力,因而所涉及的词汇量相对较大,但对于一些专业性较强的词汇仍会给出注释。主题广泛,但并不要求考生对其非常熟悉,这是由于所有被考察的信息都包括在文章之中。

文体一般可分为说明(exposition)、议论(argumentation)和史实(historical)三类,而架构则常常会表现为分类(classification)、比较(comparison/contrast)、因果(cause/effect)、解疑(problem/solution)四种之一。由于每篇托福考试阅读文章所对应的题型都至少会包含一道涉及对文章总体架构把握的多分值问题,上述文体方面的信息需要引起考生备考期间的充分注意。

托福结构化阅读指什么 要怎么做?

其实,这个词本身只是阅读老师们在不同时空YY出来的一个说法(e.g. 牛顿与莱布尼茨),各家机构甚至各位老师对其都存在不一样的解读和诠释。

下面,为大家带来北京新东方蔺老师所解读的结构化阅读:

首先,我们先列举几种常见托福阅读的阅读方式:

1.我是大神,我先通读全文;

2.我很稳健,我先读段落;

3.我很帅,我直接做题。

对于第1种学神同学,我无F可说;第3种同学,接下来请认真学习方法;第2种同学,恭喜你已经迈出满分阅读的第一步。

为什么要以段落为单位阅读呢?

托福阅读,看似最小的分割单位是14个题目,实则是每个段落。如直接开始做题,必然会在完成该段落对应的2-3个题目的过程中反复回到文章中阅读,费时不讨好(血亏)。

高效且低错误率的阅读方法是,在开始看题之前先对对应该几题的段落(e.g.第一段对应1-2题)进行快速浏览,也就是我们通常说到的Scan。

Scan:速读;扫视,指的不是眼睛扫视的快,而是我们在通读本段的时候有所读而有所不读。

到底读哪些,哪些又可以略过呢?

我们先区别以下两个概念

Principle:原则/原理

Fact:事实

在以说明文当道的托福阅读文章中,单个段落中多数包含以上两种信息。

举个栗子,TPO 11-2 Orientation and Navigation文章第3段:

Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild. Furthermore, he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route. He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements. Kramer surmised, therefore, that they were orienting according to the position of the Sun. To test this idea, he blocked their view of the Sun and used mirrors to change its apparent position. He found that under these circumstances, the birds oriented with respect to the new “Sun.” They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass to determine direction. At the time, this idea seemed preposterous. How could a bird navigate by the Sun when some of us lose our way with road maps? Obviously, more testing was in order.

从第一句中的In his research能看出,之后内容都是在描述实验属于Fact类型的信息,而在段落倒数的第四排He found之后的内容则是该实验的结果和进一步的猜想,属于Principle类型的信息。

很明显,Fact类型信息内容繁多,描述较为复杂凌乱,必然是我们Scan过程中所要略过的内容;相反的,Principle类型信息指向明确,言简意赅,应为我们重点关注的内容。

换个说法,在一个段落中出现Fact类型必然是支持或者解释Principle类型信息,后者的重要性远远高于前者。

所以你懂了么?

篇2:托福阅读提升攻略之做阅读题目需要看完文章吗

托福阅读提升攻略丨做阅读题目需要看完文章吗?

一.为什么有人倡导不读文章直接做题

在托福阅读考试中,不需要看文章,只要找到题目对应的答案就可以做对题目。”这个逻辑看起来是自洽的,而且学生在听老师讲的时候非常容易接受,因为这迎合了大多数人希望不劳而获的本能性想法。

面对一个让自己很头疼的考试,突然有人告诉你不需要读文章,只需要找对某个局部对应点就可以得分,很难说这不是一件让人喜出望外的事情。如果有人告诉你一个“不需要背单词就可以把考试搞定”的方法,你会更愿意接受的,不是么?

为了让这个说法显得更加合理和有权威性,他们还会使用如下的说法来强化自己的理论:

1. 某种考试,文章读懂了,题目反而做不对;

2. 考试的阅读和平常的阅读不一样,只要得分就可以,不需要读懂;

3. 很多人在考试的时候是无法在规定时间做完题目的,所以要用这种方法来提高做题的效率。

4. 我教过多少学生,他们用这种方法确实得了好成绩。

看到这里,你有没有一种自己已经被说服了的感觉呢?如果有的话,你就不会奇怪为什么这种说法会存在,并且还一直被人相信了。

我们姑且先假设这种方法是对的,那么,考生在做题以前是没有读过全文的,直接看每一个题目,按照题目中提示回到原文来定位答案,并且根据所读的内容来选择出答案。在不考虑阅读能力差异的情况下,这种方法有效的前提条件是:

(1)所有题目答案都与文章整体结构和段落关系无关;

(2)题目中有对答案所在位置的明确指示。

现在,我们可以查阅《新托福官方指南》一书,都可以找到在题型分类中有一种叫做“Prose Summary”,还有一种叫做“Filling the Table”的题目类型,其题目测试要求描述中都有关于文章结构的内容,所以(1)不成立。此外,还有一种叫做“Rhetoric Purpose”的题目类型中,也包含了对于段落关系的考核,再次证明(1)不成立。

此外,除了“Prose Summary”和“Filling the Table ”,至少还有“Rhetoric Purpose”、“Negative Factual Information”和“Inference”三类题目,不会明确表明答案的位置,所以(2)不成立。既然(1)和(2)都不成立,那么自然这种方法就肯定是不正确的了,因为它和命题者的基本要求相违背。

二.根据题目找答案的方法是否有效

托福阅读考试中的确有一些题目类型的测试内容是“局部”性的,比如 “Factual Information”类型的题目,它的目的是为了检测考生是否对某些重要信息和关系完成了认知和理解,所以,ETS明确指出,它的答案只会和文章中的一部分内容有关。所以,这种类型题目的存在原本就和文章整体结构以及段落关系无关,所以,需要做的只是对应到正确的点,然后读懂,选出答案就行了。

那么,如果直接看题找答案,是否能做对的关键就取决于“是否能找对答案所在的位置”了。当考生缺乏对文章的整体认识时,考生的定位和选择是随机的,也就是说,找得到或者找不到,以及花多少时间找到,靠的是运气。举例来说,给你一张北京市的地图,在你对北京市完全不了解的情况下,让你去找海淀区的娘娘府在哪儿,你是否能找到,以及花多少时间能找到,就是靠运气决定的。

所以,总有一些运气不错的人,会“感觉”这种方法是有效的,这也可以解释为什么有的人这次觉得好用,下次觉得不好用的现象。

推崇这种方法的人往往会认为,考生在规定时间内是无法读完文章并且正确完成题目的,所以,这些考生需要用这种“技巧”来帮助自己获得高分。

三.提升阅读速度可以读完文章再做题

其实给学生5分钟时间,让学生阅读一篇真题的文章,要求不能查字典,并且不能跳过任何一句话。在这种情况下,绝大多数学生完成率可以超过80%,也就是说,如果时间放宽到8分钟,所有人都可以读完。

在这种情况下,如果假设文章理解没有问题,做完所有题目只需要最多10分钟。而托福考试一篇文章的时间要求是20分钟,谁说学生在规定时间内读不完?毫不客气地说,这些人主观上构建了一个“学生读不完”的假设,来提供给学生一个虚假的解决方案。

但是在这种情况下,学生还是会出现做不对题的情况,原因是什么呢?很简单,学生虽然读完了文字,但是对文字的理解并不好,这里涉及到了单词、句法、文章结构认知、关系理解、记忆效率等方面的问题。而这些问题的解决方案,才是老师应该教给学生的内容,而不是“直接看题找答案来提高效率”这种正确率随机的方法。

说到这里,我想大家应该很清楚如下几点了:

1. 按照ETS的官方描述,看题目找答案的方式会有解决不了的题目(而且还包括了多选题);

2. 看题目找答案的时间消耗和正确率是随机的;

3. 在规定时间内完成题目并非难事,关键是教会学生如何提高理解的准度和效率;

到这里,那种方法的支持者们又会说了:我在看题目找答案的过程中,可以顺便了解文章,这样就可以解决文章结构理解不好的问题了。好,我们姑且认为这种说法是对的,并且也确实做到了,那么这和先读完文章再做题有什么区别呢?

这和中药里面加西药成分最后却号称中药有效不是一个逻辑吗?而事实是,大多数人在这样的离散化信息获取过程中,是很难把握文章的逻辑框架和结构的,因为思维被反复阻断,即便是用自己的母语写成的文章也会在认知上有困难,更何况是用英文写成的文章?

所以,结果就是,考生在大脑中留下了一堆信息碎片,最后无法组织到一起。有同学会问,为什么老师在讲的时候头头是道呢?因为他备课的时候已经读过全文了嘛。

四.读完文章再做题有哪些优势

实际上,考试阅读和普通阅读的唯一区别在于,考试阅读要你做题,而平常的普通阅读不需要。但是,考试的阅读考的内容是什么呢?还是拿托福阅读为例,ETS在官方文档中讲得很清楚:词汇和语法、文章的主要观点和重要信息、观点之间的相对重要程度、观点之间的关系、所有观点的组织结构。

那么,我们仔细想想,这些东西是不是平时阅读的时候也需要获得的东西呢?显然是的。所以,从阅读本身的要求来说,考试阅读和普通阅读并没任何区别。

既然如此,要做对题目的前提就必须是:读懂文章。反之,如果是题目做错了,也必然是文章的某个局部内容、关系,或者全局的关系理解出现了问题,抑或是逻辑推理出现了问题,而考生需要训练的,是如何修正问题并且提高阅读能力的方法。

托福阅读:指代题型举例分析

无论是OG还是Delta,都把阅读的题目分成十类,即:Understanding Facts and Details, Identifying Negative Facts, Locating Referents, Understanding Vocabulary in Context, Making Inferences, Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases(Simplifying sentences), Recognizing Coherence(Sentence inserting), Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information.

还有很重要的一点,做题的时候,无论考试还是练习,不光要分析对的选项为什么对,更要分析错的选项为什么错。有时候分析错误的原因更为重要。有助于你把握出题的思路,培养感觉。这是非常有用的。

三、指代定位

顾名思义,这种题是要问考生文中的代词具体指代的是什么丁冬,说专业点叫做先行词antecedent.基本可以分为四类。第一是人称代词或者物主代词,如I,you,our,mine;第二类是从句中的引导词,如what,which,who;第三类是指示代词,this,that(包括其指示的名词,如问this reason, that purpose之类的);第四类是其他的代词,all,most,some,many,the former,the latter之类。代词需要遵循的首要原则是就近原则。从前面找离它较近的那个词。找到以后把意义代回到原句中看合适不合适就可以了。OG还特别强调了,注意先行词和代词必须人称、单复数一致。总体来说这种题难度都不大。

用OG上的几个例子说明:

先行词,先行词,顾名思义,一般应该在代词前面。根据就近原则就找出来postal service.代回去看看合适不合适,A,distribution有65个office;B销售有65个office,C报纸有65个office,D,邮政服务有65个office.其他几个都太荒诞了。这种题难度相对不大,也就不多说了。

托福阅读答题如何做到精准

1、不读完文章,直接做题。这种方法相当于瞎子摸象,对文章只有局部而主观的认知,整个文章的概念是根本无法获得的。以自己的思想去猜测文章大意,很多时候会偏离主旨。所以,这种不看文章直接做题的方法是极其危险的。

2、一字不漏地细读文章,再做题。如果你的阅读速度超群,或者这篇文章你很熟悉,那这样做未尝不可。但是一般来说,采用细读会导致做题时间严重不足。要知道,阅读理解测试的不止是理解,更是速度。

3、词汇题迷信自己的记忆。在做词汇题时,许多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关,认识单词能做对,不认识单词就会做错。事实上,那些认识的单词经常做错,不认识的单词反而能做对。原因是,做不认识单词时,考生往往会仔细研读词汇题的上下文,力求在上下文中突破。而做认识单词时,忽略上下文的重要性,往往是装模作样的看一下上下文,便匆匆做出抉择。所以,做好词汇题关键在于透彻分析上下文所要表达的涵义。

从题型来看,TOEFL阅读的特点是题量大,涉及的词汇面广。要想考好阅读,要求考生不光有扎实的英语基础,还需要精准的做题策略。

第一步:花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子,做一个简短的scanning,定位文章难易程度,以及了解文章大致主题。虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为11分钟,但是有的文章七八分钟便可以轻松对付,有的文章则需要15分钟左右,所以这其中的时间安排就需要考生自主调节。一般来说,5篇文章中有2篇难度大一些,按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好几道题甚至是来不及做,带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难易程度,同时目测文章的题量分布,这有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间,是非常必要的。

教师在线指导,如何备考托福阅读考试

第二步:通过阅读文章结构来进一步进行scanning。所谓结构,即文章的骨架子。 TOEFL文章涉及人文社科和自然科学,大多是结构明确的议论文、说明文,它们最显著的特点是呈板块结构。 TOEFL文章均由数个自然段组成,正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透,文章首句经常为文章主题,然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读,文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句,同时也应该看一下第二句,如果有转折词,则此时第二句才是这一段的主旨。没有必要每个句子都理解,很多时候这样做无疑是白白浪费时间。以最快捷的方式了解文章大意,从而正确引导下一步做具体的题,而不至于出现大方向的理解错误。而自始至终考生应该遵循这条原则:看完文章,才能开始做题。

做题时,考生们应该明白以下道理:

1、有据可循。每篇文章题目都根据文章布局一步一步向前推进,即使有个别题打乱文章布局,在题干里总是有提供信息的关键词将考生带入文章的具体部位。

2、回归原文。做题时,根据题干或选项的关键词回归文章寻找重现关键词或其释义的语言区域,同时排除相应的选项。

3、整句分析。遇到难句子时,应该对其进行句子结构分析,排除修饰成分,寻找主干部分,从而迅速把握整个句子的意思,不要盯着单个的词不放,不然就会因小失大。

4、基于事实。每个问题的四个选项或者是对文章中相关部分的正确释度、或者是歪曲原文、或者与原文毫不相干。换句话说,命题专家在设置试题时会玩一些文字游戏,用各种表达形式让考生晕头转向、雾里看花。考生应该明白自己的职责是辨别真伪,找到符合文章意思和题意的选项。

托福阅读背景知识之给小费的文化

It's every traveler's nightmare. The porter brings your bags to yourroom and helpfully explains how to access CNN. He shows you how to turn on thelights and adjust the air-conditioner. Then he points to the phone and says:“If there's anything else you need, just call.” All this time, you'vebeen thinking one thing: “How much should I tip this guy?” Out ofdesperation you shove a few banknotes into his hand, hoping that you're neithergiven too much or too little.

对于每一位旅行者来说,这都像是一场噩梦。行李员把你的行李搬到房间,向你解释如何收看CNN,告诉你怎么开灯,怎麽把空调调好。然后他指着电话说:“如果你还需要什么,请打电话。”而你却一直在反复思考着一件事:“我到底该给这家伙多少小费?”最终,你近乎绝望地把几张钞票塞进他手里,心中暗暗希望你给的小费不多也不少。

It's difficult to divine what constitutes an appropriate tip in anycountry. In Japan, if you leave a couple of coins on the table, the waiter maychase after you to return your forgotten change. In New York, on the otherhand, if you leave less than 15%, your reservation might not hold up next time.Asia, with its multiplicity of cultures and customs, is a particularlydifficult terrain. To make your next trip a little easier, here's a guide totipping across the region:

知道在每一个国家该给多少小费并不容易。在日本,如果你在桌上留下几个硬币,侍应生会追着还给你留下的零钱。在纽约则恰恰相反。如果你给的小费少于消费额的15%,那么下次你预定的桌子可能就会被人占去。由于亚洲各国文化和风俗习惯差异较大,因此在这里给小费格外困难。为了让你下次旅行较为顺利,我们向你提供一些在这一地区给小费的窍门。

Bangkok In general, the more Westernized the place is, the morelikely you'll be expected to leave a gratuity. Some top-end restaurants willadd a 10% service charge to the bill. If not, waiters will appreciate youtacking on the 10% yourself. However, if you're eating at a downscalerestaurant a tip is not necessary. If you're staying at one of Bangkok's manyfive-star establishments, expect to tip the porter 20 to 50 baht, depending onhow many bags you have. Taxis are now metered in Bangkok. Local custom is toround the fare up to the nearest five baht.

曼谷总的说来,一个地方西化的程度越高,你就越有可能需要给小费。有些高级的饭店会在帐单里加收10%的服务费。如果没有的话,侍者会感激你自己附上那10%。不过,如果你在一家低档次的餐馆就餐,就没有必要给小费。如果你住在曼谷的某家五星级饭店,就请准备付给搬运工20到50铢,具体的数目得依你的行李多少而定。如今曼谷的出租车都打表计程,当地的惯例是把车费凑整到最近的五铢的倍数。

Hong Kong Gratuity is customary in this money-mad metropolis. Mostrestaurants automatically add a 10% service charge to the bill, but thesurcharge often ends up in the pocket of the owner. If the service is good, addanother 10% to the bill, up to HK$100 in an especially nice restaurant. ForHK$10 hotel porters should do it at all but the nicest hotels where a new HK$20bill may be more acceptable. When in a taxi, round up to the nearest dollar.

香港在这个金钱至上的大都市里,给小费是司空见惯的。大多餐馆自动在帐单里加了10%的服务费,但这笔额外的收入最后却常常落到雇主手里。如果服务质量好的话,在帐单里再加上10%,而在一个极好的饭馆里,小费可以多达100港币。对于旅馆的搬运工来说,港币10元的小费已足够,不过在最好的一些饭店,20港币可能更受欢迎。坐出租车的话,凑够最近的整数给钱。

Jakarta Tipping is not part of local culture, but internationalinfluences have turned some Westernized palms upward in search of a few extrarupiah. A 10% service charge is added at most high-end restaurants. Atmoderately priced restaurants, 5,000 rupiah should do it. If the service issuperb, tack on an extra 1,000 or so. At hotels, porters ask for a few hundredrupiah for each bag. While most taxi drivers will automatically round up to thenext 500 rupiah.

雅加达给小费原本不是当地文化的一部分,但是国际性的影响使得一些西化的人们盼望多得一些钱。大多数高级饭店里已附加10%的服务费。在价格中等的饭店,给5,000卢比的小费就已足够——如果服务极好,也可以再多给大约l,000卢比。在旅馆,要让搬运工搬一件行李就得给几百卢比。大多数出租车司机会自动把收费加到最近的500卢比的整数。

Kuala Lumpur Like Indonesia, tipping in Malaysia is confined to thepricier Westernized joints, which often add a 10% service charge to your mealor hotel room. If you are at a hotel restaurant, expect a 10% service charge.But at local restaurants, there's no need to add a gratuity. At five-starhotels, one or two ringgit will suffice a porter. At lower-end establishments,don't feel compelled to tip. Like Bangkok, many taxis are now metered, so youcan just round up to the nearest ringgit.

吉隆坡像在印度尼西亚—样,在马来西亚给小费也仅限于那些价格较高的西式场所。在那里,一般在就餐或旅馆房间的费用之外附加10%的服务费。如果你在饭店的餐厅就餐,也得准备给10%的服务费。但在当地的饭馆里,却没有必要附加小费。在五星级饭店,给搬运工一两个林吉特就足够了。在低档次的饭店,不一定非给小费不可。像曼谷一样,许多出租车都计程,所以只要凑足最近的整数就行。

Manila Tipping is common in Manila, and anything above 10% will gainyou undying loyalty. At restaurants, even if a service charge is included,custom dictates adding another 5%-10% to the bill. Hotel porters should berewarded with 20 pesos per bag. Most taxicabs are metered, and rounding up tothe next five pesos is a good rule of thumb.

马尼拉在马尼拉给小费是很平常的事。只要付10%以上的服务费就能换宋忠心耿耿的服务。在餐馆里,即使就餐费用里已经包括服务费,按一般惯例,还得在帐单里再加上5%到10%。旅馆的搬运工每搬一件行李要给20个比索。大多数的出租车是打表计程的,把车费凑整到最近的五比索准保没错。

Seoul Tipping is not part of Korean culture, although it has becomea matter of course in international hotels where a 10% service charge is oftenadded. If you are at a Korean barbecue joint, there's no need to add anythingextra. But a sleek Italian restaurant may require a 10% contribution. If youare at a top-end hotel, international standards apply, so expect to pay500-1,000 won per bag. Taxi drivers don't expect a tip. Keep the change foryourself.

汉城给小费不是韩国文化的一部分,尽管在国际饭店里收取10%的服务费似乎是理所当然的一件事。如果你去一个吃韩国烧烤的地方,那么没有必要付额外的费用。但是在一个雅致的意大利餐馆就餐,可能就要多付10%的小费。如果你下榻的是最高级饭店,就要按国际规范行事。所以搬一件行李的小费大概是500到1,000韩元。不用给出租车司机小费,找的零钱你自己留着好了。

Singapore According to government mandate in the Lion City, tippingis not permitted. It's basically outlawed at Changi Airport and officialsencourage tourists not to add to the 10% service charge that many high-endhotels tack on to the bill. At restaurants, Singaporeans tend not to leavetips. Nicer restaurants do sometimes levy a 10% service charge. Hotel staff isthe one exception to the no-tipping rule. As a general guide, SSI should beadequate for baggage-lugging service. Taxi drivers don't expect gratuity, butthey won't refuse it.

新加坡根据狮城政府的规定,给小费是不允许的。在樟宜国际机场,这种行为基本上是违法的。官员们鼓励游客拒绝支付一些高级饭店附加在帐单上的 10%的服务费。在饭馆就餐时,新加坡人一般都不留小费。一些好的饭馆有时也以征税的形式收取10%的服务费。饭店员工是不收小费原则的唯一例外。一般的准则是,如有人帮你搬运行李,给一新元就够了。出租车司机是不指望拿小费的,但你要给他们,他们也不会拒绝。

Taipei Like Japan and China, Taiwan is not a tipping society-eventhough much of the currency seems to come in coin form. Tipping is not expectedin restaurants. However, that rule is changing as American-style eateriesintroduce Western ways. Hotel staff won't be overly offended if you don't tip.Gratuity is not expected in taxicabs.

台北就像日本和中国大陆一样,台湾不是一个给小费的社会——尽管大量货币是以硬币的形式出现。饭馆里不用给小费。不过,随着一些美式餐馆引进西方做法,这一原则也在改变。饭店的员工如果没有得到你的小费的话,也不会觉得大受冒犯。坐出租车也不需要给小费。

同一件事在不同的背景文化下人们的反应也会有所不同,所以想要求学或定居海外的考生一定要了解这种常识,否则容易产生误解甚至纠纷。最后,预祝大家取得满意的托福阅读成绩。

篇3:托福阅读如何更快的拿高分

托福阅读如何更快的拿高分

方法一:快速泛读(fastextensivereading)

这里讲的泛读是指广泛阅读大量涉及不同领域的文章,要求读得快,理解和掌握文中的主要内容就可以。要确定一个明确的阅读定额,定额要结合自己的实际,可多可少,例如每天读20页。

方法二:计时阅读(timedreading)

计时阅读每次进行5~10分钟即可,不宜太长。因为计时快速阅读,精力高度集中,时间一长,容易疲劳,精力分散反而乏味。

方法三:寻读(Scanning)

寻读又称查读,同略读一样,寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。

寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息,如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等,而对其它无关部分略去不读的快速阅读方法。

方法四:略读(skimming)

略读又称跳读(readingandskipping)或浏览(glancing),是一种专门的,非常实用的快速阅读技能。

略读有下列几个特点:

A.以极快的速度阅读文章,寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。

B.可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。

C.理解水平可以稍低一些,但也不能太低。

托福阅读练习:独生子女更幸福

常规想来,都会觉得童年幸福的人性格更加的活跃开朗,未来的人生道路也能顺利坦然,然而一个惊人的发现雷倒众人:童年幸福长大更容易离婚。

Those who enjoyed an idyllic childhood could find that life has a nasty trick in store because, it seems, they are more likely to divorce.

那些享受过幸福童年的人们或许在将来会发现,儿时的快乐在不经意间却埋下了日后导致婚姻破裂的祸根。

Researchers found that men and women with a stable upbringing could have more confidence and so be more ready to leave a failing relationship.

研究者们发现,那些成长过程一帆风顺的人群们对于个人也有更多的自信,对于一段发展不顺的感情关系也倾向于抽身离开。

For the long-term project at Cambridge University, thousands of Britons born in one week in 1946 were studied.

有一项英国剑桥大学的长期调查,研究了在1946年同一周所出生的英国人。

When they were in their teens, teachers rated them for happiness, friendliness and energy. Problems such as restlessness, disobedience and anxiety were noted.

他们在少年时期被认为是幸福、有爱并充满活力的孩子,不过也会出现按燥不安、忤逆不顺与焦躁心烦等情况。

Decades later, information about their lives was also collected and analysed. Professor Felicia Huppert, director of the university’s Well-being Institute, commented on the findings on marriage break-up.

数十载后,研究者们再度对这批人的生活信息进行了收集与分析。该项目的主要负责人指出了造成该批人群婚姻破裂的缘由。

‘One factor might be that positive children have higher self-esteem than their peers and are more willing to leave a marriage if it is not meeting their needs,’ she said.

“其中的一个因素是这些积极的孩子通常都有更高的自尊,以至于当他们发现婚礼以无法满足他们的需求时便更加远离结束这段关系。”

Other findings were more predictable.

托福阅读练习:性格决定外表

光鲜亮丽的外表并非人人都能拥有,但“相由心生”,性格好的人往往能看起来更有魅力,为什么呢?来看看今天的阅读材料。

If you exhibit positive traits such as honesty and helpfulness, the chances are that you will be perceived as a good looking person, for a new study has found that the perception of physical attractiveness is influenced by a person's personality.

The study, led by Gary W. Lewandowski, Jr, found that people who exhibit negative traits, such as unfairness and rudeness, appear to be less physically attractive to observers.

In the study, the participants viewed photographs of opposite-sex individuals and rated them for attractiveness before and after being provided with information on personality traits.

After personality information was received, participants also rated the desirability of each individual as a friend and as a dating partner.

Information on personality was found to significantly alter perceived desirability, showing that cognitive processes modify judgments of attractiveness.

“Perceiving a person as having a desirable personality makes the person more suitable in general as a close relationship partner of any kind,” said Lewandowski.

The findings show that a positive personality leads to greater desirability as a friend, which leads to greater desirability as a romantic partner and, ultimately, to being viewed as more physically attractive.

The findings remained consistent regardless of how “attractive” the individual was initially perceived to be, or of the participants' current relationship status or commitment level with a partner.

What would you think of this lady's physical attractiveness if she exhibited bad personal traits?

“This research provides a more positive alternative by reminding people that personality goes a long way toward determining your attractiveness; it can even change people's impressions of how good looking you are,” said Lewandowski.

如果你表现出诚实和乐于助人等美好品质,那么别人会觉得你的外表也很迷人。一项最新研究发现,一个人的性格会影响别人对他或她的外表吸引力的看法。

该项由盖里 W 勒万多维斯基负责的研究发现,人们认为,表现出不诚实和粗鲁等恶劣品质的人外表也不够吸引人。

研究对象首先观看了一组异性的照片,随后分别在得知照片中人物的性格特点之前和之后给他们的外表评分。

研究对象在得知照片中人物的性格特点后,还对与其中每个人交朋友或做恋人的期望值进行了评分。

研咳嗽狈⑾郑泄厝宋镄愿裉氐愕男畔⒋蟠蟾谋淞酥暗南埠枚绕婪郑芯慷韵蟮娜现谈谋淞怂嵌哉掌腥宋锿獗淼钠兰邸

勒万多维斯基说:“总的来说,如果人们认为一个人的性格较好,那么他们会觉得无论与这个人做朋友还是做恋人都更合适。”

研究结果表明,人们更期望与性格较好的人交朋友、成为恋人,从而会认为他们的外表更迷人。

无论照片中人物给人的“第一印象”怎样、或者研究对象目前的情感关系状况以及与伴侣的亲密程度如何,研究结果都是一致的。

勒万多维斯基说:“该研究提出了一个更为积极的观点,它提醒人们,性格在很大程度上能决定你的吸引力;性格甚至能够改变人们对于你外表的印象。”

托福阅读考察的深意

原文:

M: Do you know what time the train goes the city?

W: Normally it’s every 20 minutes. But it’s weekend, so I’m not sure.

选项:

(A) Listen to the traffic report on the radio

(B) Take a later train.

(C) Ron to catch the next train.

(D) Check the weekend schedule.

很显然这里的正确答案为D,因为原问题到了周末时间表与周1-5不同,因此,最好的选择方案是看一下周末的时间表,去找一下准确的时间。

很显然这里W并没有直接的告诉我们要去查询时间表,而是告诉我们周末的时间不确定,因此我们发现了她实际上是在暗示我们要Check the weekend schedule。这就是典型的另有深意。

新托福阅读也继承了老托福听力的光荣传统:P,也开始为我们大张旗鼓的玩起了另有深意这样的事情。这一点尤其在新托福TPO里面体现得尤为明显。

当然还是拿真实例子说话,首先看一下新托福真题TPO1里面的一段。

Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

题目:

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?

A It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.

B It prevents most groundwater from circulating.

C It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.

D It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.

很显然原文At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water. 为我们提到很难想象,在如此“坚实”的地下,会有足够的空间来盛如此之多的水,这里就很隐晦的告诉我们其实地下并不“坚实”,而是还有很多的空间,来盛放groundwater,因此我们得到的正确答案就是C选项,也就是原来我们行走的这片土地之下还有足够的能力来承载如此之多的水。

很显然,这里也是很隐晦的告诉我们地下空间其实是很大的。

下面这道题也是一样。

The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.

All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPT

A A mountain valley

B Flat land

C A lake floor

D The seafloor

本题问的是到底哪里没有沉积呢?

dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. 告诉我们,只有在流速缓慢的地点才会沉积。但是他不直接告诉我们具体在什么地点,而是让我们去用逻辑推理。

因此当我们寻找的时候,发现Flat land“平缓之地”毫无疑问是流速缓慢的,这样的地方不会沉积,然后再告诉我们a river slows on entering a lake or the sea,湖和海洋,也是流速缓慢的地点,自然也不会沉积。那么唯一会沉积的地方也就只有上游mountain valley才会沉积,因为河流流经的地点分别是from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land,以及a river slows on entering a lake or the sea。

自然当我们排出了Flat land、a lake以及the sea之后,也就只可能剩下mountain valley了。

篇4:GRE阅读快速看完长篇文章

GRE阅读快速看完长篇文章分享

GRE阅读的特点之一是出题的顺序和原文内容的先后顺序没有必然联系,所以大家不能按照先看题目再看原文的方法来做,同时,GRE阅读很注重考查对篇章结构和文章内在逻辑关系的理解,如果先读题目再看文章,很容易影响读者把握文章的结构,因此,本文推荐大家按照下列的做题步骤来做阅读。

GRE阅读中,考生在遭遇长篇阅读时常会因为一遍没看懂文章或者抓住某些细节而不得已反复读文章,这就造成了考试时间的大量浪费。那么有没有办法让大家只看一遍文章就充分理解内容并抓住所有解题要点呢?下面小编就来为大家介绍正确的阅读步骤。

GRE阅读高效步骤:读原文

GRE阅读的基本做题方法,就是先读原文再看题目,看过题目后再根据题目定位回原文,所以读原文是做一篇阅读的第一步。有些读者已经养成了先读题目再看原文的阅读习惯,其实,做题的顺序要因阅读特点和出题方式而异GR,E阅读题目的出题顺序和原文几乎没有任何联系,也就是说第一道题可能考了原文的末尾,而最后一道题可能考的是原文的开始,故先读题目再读原文对做题没有任何帮助,反而有可能扰乱读者理解原文内在的逻辑结构。

GRE阅读高效步骤:读原文的同时对重点、考点做标记

做标记是指在读文章的时候用简单的符号记录所读重点内容,这应该和读文章同步进行,标记可以轻轻做在试卷边缘,也可以另外写在草稿纸上。所标记的主要目的是为了读完选项之后能快速、准确的定位,这个步骤要求读者熟悉常考考点,对应做标记的内容烂熟于胸,这样才能不费时间的给自己下一步的定位作准标记。

GRE阅读高效步骤:读题干、选项

读题干的过程也是个找题干特征的过程,看看题干所述和自己所做标记的内容有没有联系,如果有,则可以直接定位,故定位最主要的基础是题干与标记之间的联系。有时候题干可能没有可以捕捉的特征,这时读者不妨从选项下手,选项中也时常会有明显的特征反映出它与原文中的重点内容之间的相关性。

GRE阅读高效步骤:定位

定位指的是确定考题针对原文中什么位置的内容发问,通常通过题干和选项的特征词来找,判断了原文所述的位置之后,就可以找原文和答案之间的对应关系了,绝大多数题目都可以通过找题干和选项的特征词准确的定位到原文某处。

GRE阅读高效步骤:按照文字对应原则选答案

GRE考试的备选答案都是五个,通常很少有考题能让读者非常直接的判断出正确答案,总有1-2个迷惑性比较大的选项,所以,考生不妨先竖读各选相,排除一些明显错误的选项,然后再对剩下的进行细致的比较,通过原文和选项之间的文字对应关系,进行选择。

比较典型的排除干扰选项的方法有:

1.用最高级、唯一性、比较级来排除;

2.用同性元素来排除;

3.用错误选项的典型特征排除。

GRE双语阅读:揭秘华盛顿特区无证黑导游

Undercover on a Segway—Tourists beware

摄位车上进行的“秘密活动”:游客们当心

A report from the seamy underworld of unlicensed tour guides

关于无证导游这个阴暗地下世界的报道

A TERRIBLE threat stalks the streets of Washington, DC: unlicensed tour guides. These brazen lawbreakers imperil the public by showing them around the nation's capital without a permit. Your correspondent went undercover to observe at first hand the dangers tourists face in their clutches. It was harrowing. First, your correspondent had to balance on a Segway, a two-wheeled vehicle from which she could have fallen several inches to the cold, hard pavement. “Just try to relax,” purred Bill Main, the outlaw guide, “It's easy.” With white knuckles and a pink helmet, the tour began.

华盛顿特区大街上正蔓延着一个可怕的威胁:无证导游。这些无耻的违法者扰乱公共秩序,在没有许可的情况下带领游客们参观这个国家的首都。记者亲历地下世界去观察第一手游客们关键时刻面临的危险。这让人很恐惧。首先,记者必须在摄位车上保持平衡,这种两轮电动车有让她从任何一边摔向冰冷坚硬的人行道上的可能性。“别担心,”违法导游Bill Main发出喉音说道,“很简单的。”在兴奋、紧张中带着一个粉色的头盔,这趟行程开始了。

Mr. Main never took the exam to become a tour guide, so your correspondent braced herself to hear a torrent of errors. Would he claim that the White House was once destroyed by aliens, as in the film “Independence Day”? No. Actually, he was pretty good. Yet he could be jailed for 90 days if caught. Washington requires all guides to pay $200 and take an exam. That adds up: Segs in the City, the firm Mr. Main runs with his wife, Tonia Edwards, employs a dozen guides.

Main从未参加过成为导游的考试,因此记者准备好了听到一大串错误信息。他会说白宫曾被外星人摧毁过一次么,就像电影“独立日”中的场景那样?不会,事实上,他很好。然而如果他被抓到了会被判监禁90天。华盛顿要求所有导游付费200刀然后参加考试。还要加上:Main和太太Tonia Edwards运营的公司城市摄位车公司雇佣的大批导游。

The permit system protects incumbents, raises prices and kills jobs. Mr. Main also believes that it violates his right to free speech. Robert McNamara of the Institute for Justice, a libertarian law firm, aGREes. “The government cannot restrict speech unless there is evidence the speech is causing harm,” he explains. Tour guide patter hardly qualifies. Mr. McNamara helped Segs in the City file a lawsuit against the city government in . The city won; Mr. Main's appeal reached a DC federal court on May 5th. The city defends the license as an essential safeguard for consumers.

许可系统保护了在职者们,提高了价格,削减了岗位Main也相信系统侵犯了他的言语自由权。自由论法律公司——司法研究所的Robert McNamara同意他的话。“政府不能限制Main的言语除非有证据说他造成了伤害,”他说道。导游的话很难界定资格。McNamara在帮助城市摄位车旅游公司起诉了市政府。但是政府胜诉了;Main在5月5号上诉到特区联邦法庭。市政府辩护到证书是为消费者设置的必要护卫。

In the 1950s only one American worker in 20 needed a permit from the government; today that figure is around one in three. Some jobs, such as doctors, clearly need strict controls. But some states require licenses for florists and interior designers. Such permits tend to cost hundreds of dollars and months of extra training, yet offer little benefit to consumers, says Morris Kleiner, an economist at the University of Minnesota. Sometimes customers, like undercover tourists, can look after themselves.

20世纪50年代政府平均20人中之批准了一位美国工人成为导游;今天数据到了大约三个过一个。一些工作,比如说医生,明确需要严格控制。但是一些州要求花匠和室内设计者考取证书。这种许可证需要花费数百美元和长达数月的额外培训,然而这对消费者来说受益甚微,明尼苏达大学的经济学家Morris Kleiner说。一些客户,比如“从事间谍活动的”旅游者们,能照看好他们自己。

GRE趣味阅读:“潇洒的”智利流浪犬

Stray dogs in Chile——Spray as you go

智利的流浪犬:想去哪就去哪

The state orders a sterilization of stray mutts

国家下令给流浪犬们杀菌

IT IS one of the first things that visitors to Santiago, the Chilean capital, ask: “Why are there so many dogs everywhere?” Patricia Cocas, founder of ProAnimal Chile, an animal-rights group, reckons that some 180,000 stray hounds wander the city of six million people; a further 80,000 are let out by their owners to roam as they please. The area around the presidential palace is a favored hangout. Most mutts are harmless enough—Chile is free of rabies, which helps explain why they are tolerated. But some attack passers-by or chase cars down Santiago's main thoroughfare, the Alameda, occasionally ripping tires with their teeth.

游客们去智利首都圣地亚哥旅行时,最初会打听的问题之一是:“为什么这儿到处都是狗呢?”智利的动物权利小组专业动物组织发起人Patricia Cocas估计大约十八万只流浪犬逡巡于六百万城市人口之间;有超过八万只流浪犬被它们的主人遗弃,任它们流浪。总统府附近地区就是他们最喜欢闲逛的位子。大部分流浪狗对人无害—智利没有狂犬病。这也就是流浪犬被容忍的原因。但是一些流浪犬攻击行人或者在圣地亚哥的主干道——林荫大道上追逐车辆,它们有时会用牙齿撕咬轮胎。

The government is now taking action. In her state-of-the-union speech last month, President Michelle Bachelet announced a national sterilization programme for stray dogs (the details are still to be fleshed out). A bill on responsible pet ownership is due to come before ConGREss this month. It envisages tougher penalties for those who abuse or abandon their pets, and the establishment of a register of dangerous dogs.

政府现在正在采取措施应对。在上个月总统米歇尔?巴切莱特的国情咨文演说中声明了一项针对流浪狗的国家除菌项目(细节还在补充当中)。这个月一份针对宠物所有权的法案将被交付国会。它预期针对那些虐待或遗弃宠物的人实施更重的惩罚,并且建立一家危险流浪狗管理处。

Ms. Bachelet is trying to make the pooches political, weaving them into a broader narrative about inequality. Chile's cities need affordable veterinary centers where pets can be vaccinated and sterilized, she said in her speech. “In our country wealthy people can do that, but people without money have no way of caring for their pets.” But she insists there will be no cull of strays. For now, the mongrels on the lawns outside the palace where she works can sleep in peace.

巴切莱特正试图将处理流浪狗问题正式化,将它们同一个更宽泛意义上的不平等陈述结合到遗弃。她在演说中说智利的各个城市需要建立可支付得起的收益中心,在那儿宠物们可以接种疫苗以及除菌。“我们国家富人们可以实施那项行动但是穷人们就无法照看他们的宠物。”但是她坚持否定屠杀流浪狗。至少现在,总统府外,她散步的草坪上的流浪狗们能安闲地睡觉。

GRE阅读材料:银河系边远物质是暗的

It is now established that the Milky Way is far more extended and of much greater mass than was hitherto thought.

However, all that is visible of the constituents of the Milky Way's corona (outer edge), where much of the galaxy's mass must be located, is a tiny fraction of the corona's mass.

Thus, most of the Milky Way's outlying matter must be dark.

Why? Three facts are salient. First, dwarf galaxies and globular clusters, into which most of the stars of the

Milky Way's corona are probably bound, consist mainly of old stars.

Second, old stars are not highly luminous.

Third, no one has detected in the corona the clouds of gaseous matter such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide that are characteristic of the bright parts of a galaxy.

10. The passage as a whole is primarily concerned with

(A) analyzing a current debate

(B) criticizing a well-established theory

(C) showing how new facts support a previously dismissed hypothesis

(D) stating a conclusion and adducing evidence that may justify it

(E) contrasting two types of phenomena and showing how they are related

11. Select the sentence that the author implicitly indicates what astronomers believed about the Milky Way until fairly recently.

GRE双语趣味阅读:加拿大门把手之战

Canada's war on doorknobs—Knobless oblige

加拿大门把手之战:非旋不可

New building rules will help old folks—who now risk being eaten by bears

新建筑规定能帮上老家伙们—他们面临着葬身熊腹的危险

IT IS rare for changes to a municipal building code to become headline news. But Vancouver's ban on doorknobs in all new buildings, which went into effect last month, is an exception. It has provoked a strong reaction from the door-opening public and set off a chain reaction across the country as other jurisdictions ponder whether to follow Vancouver's lead. The country is on tenterhooks.

市政建筑规章的修改很少能登上头条。可是上个月在温哥华生效的禁令却是个例外。这一事件引发了开门群众的强烈反应,全国各地也发生了连锁反应,大家都开始仔细思考着要不要跟着温哥华走。这个国家陷入了纠结的状态。

The war on doorknobs is part of a broader campaign to make buildings more accessible to the elderly and disabled, many of whom find levered door handles easier to operate than fiddly knobs. Vancouver's code adds private homes to rules already in place in most of Canada for large buildings, stipulating wider entry doors, lower thresholds and lever-operated taps in bathrooms and kitchens.

在许多老残人士看来,杠杆式的门把手比小破旋钮好用得多;为了方便他们出入各式建筑物,一场大战已经打响,而门把手之仗正是其中一役。温哥华法令在加拿大广义上的大型建筑物条例中添加了私人住宅一条,对宽门厅的门、低门槛、杠杆操作的厨浴水龙头都作出了规定。

The rules have provoked grumbling about the nanny state, much of it from doorknob manufacturers. The Canadian Home Builders' Association (CHBA) complains that Vancouver, the only city in Canada with the power to determine its own building code (elsewhere it falls to provincial governments), changed the rules on its own, instead of asking for a revision of the national regulations, which would have triggered more detailed cost studies.

随规章而至的是人们对于保姆政府的抱怨,而旋钮制造商方面怨声尤重。加拿大住宅建筑商协会( CHBA )埋怨说,温哥华是加拿大唯一座有建筑物条例决定权的城市,现在它不去改国家规章,而是自改条例,这就需要再研究一番具体成本。

These complaints pale in comparison to a more sinister worry. True, elderly and disabled people find it easier to operate doors with handles. But so do bears. In British Columbia, bears have been known to scavenge for food inside cars—whose doors have handles, knob advocates point out. Pitkin County, Colorado, in the United States, has banned door levers on buildings for this very reason. One newspaper columnist in the pro-knob camp has noted that the velociraptors in “Jurassic Park” were able to open doors by their handles.

这些怨言在一份不祥的担心前未免相形见绌。确实,老残人士用起门把手来要方便得多。但熊也会方便。人们已经知道熊会进车觅食—车上是有把手的,旋钮拥护者提出了这一点。美国科罗拉多州的皮特金县因此禁止建筑物使用杠杆门。一位旋钮派的报社专栏作家提到,《侏罗纪公园》里的伶盗龙就能扣动门把手开门。

Canadians are undeterred. Members of the municipal council in Halifax are considering asking their provincial government to follow Vancouver's example. So too are councilors in Pickering, east of Toronto. The provincial government in Manitoba is examining how the new rules will work in Vancouver. Philip Rizcallah, who manages the federal body responsible for the national code, says he would be open to considering the measure. So far no one has asked.

加拿大人并未气馁。哈利法克斯市市政委员会正考虑倡议省政府效仿温哥华市。多伦多东面的皮克灵市市政委员会也是这么想的。曼尼托巴省省政府有意观察温哥华新规的落实情况。负责的菲利普·瑞兹卡拉称他愿意将该举措纳入考虑范畴。目前还没有人提议。

It seems only a matter of time before someone steps forward. Much publicity has been given to the ban, which plays to Vancouver's offbeat reputation. “What are they smoking out there?” asks Gary Sharp of the CHBA. If further bans do go ahead, those living near the woods would be wise to invest in some sturdy locks before installing door handles.

看来向前迈步只是过一段时间的事了。温哥华市利用自身不同寻常的声誉,使这项禁令得到了广泛宣传。“他们在那儿耍什么把戏呐?”CHBA的加里·夏普问到。如果后续禁令出台,住在森林附近的人们最好还是在装门把手之前搞上几把坚固的大锁头吧

篇5:托福阅读备考如何“吃透”文章

托福阅读备考如何“吃透”文章 把握词汇语法和逻辑是关键

托福阅读提升攻略一 积累词汇

托福阅读主要是针对考生词汇量有最大要求的地方,能够说词汇掌握怎么直接关系到阅读部分的成绩好坏。此方面的证明大家已在原来的文章中有所研究和分析,在这里希望广大考生一定要引起重视。针对词汇怎么去记忆的问题,已经在原来的文章里牵涉到,同学们要找到适合自己的记忆方法,同时牢记词汇记忆“八字真言”:反复多次,持之以恒。同时提醒广大考生,背词汇书的时候,不要只背单词中文意思,词汇书上的例句和词组也要重点记忆。

托福阅读提升攻略二 学习语法

托福阶段的阅读文章的难度现如今已超出了体制内高中英语文章的难度,而在里面还有大量的结构复杂的长难句。若想看明白这些长难句,把词汇要过关除外,另外有的重要的语法知识同样是要掌握的。比如五种基本句型,三大类从句,三种较长修饰成分等。只有具备这些知识,才能清晰地看清楚句子成分,明确其在句子中的作用,为理解长难句扫清障碍。

托福阅读提升攻略三 把握逻辑

在此的逻辑我把它定义成是3个层面,而各自是词与词之间,句与句之间,段与段之间的逻辑。那么什么是词与词之间的逻辑,它表示了在相同的一个段落里能够看见词与词之间的语义重复。那么又什么是句与句之间的逻辑,它表示了在相同一段落中的句子是按照什么逻辑构架组织起来的,常见的逻辑关系有因果、比较、并列、转折等。所谓段与段之间的逻辑关系,要从整篇文章的角度上去考虑段落与段落之间存在什么关系,这些关系对于整篇文章的组织结构发挥什么作用。只有从以上三个层面上去考虑,才会对整篇文章的逻辑构架有一个清晰的认识。

其实一篇托福阅读分析下来,需要学习的内容无外乎这三点,所以大家想要提升托福阅读必须要在精读文章的时候积累词汇、学习语法并把握文章逻辑。

托福阅读的复习规划

托福阅读考试中许多考生认为阅读文章时必须要读懂每字每句,事实上这是不必要的。托福阅读考试中,即使遇到陌生的词,但是根据上下文的意思以及自己的一些常识判断,也不太会影响对文章的理解。

在托福阅读中,甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中,如果要用一个词来概括的话,那就是paraphrase,意译。无论是题干还是正确选项,大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换,来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译,是多数题目中准确在原文中定位(locate)信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个,都有着重要的作用。在后面的文章里我会结合实例解释这一点。

关于复习的时间安排,弄完词汇以后,就应该着手突击一下阅读了。如今各种各样的模拟题犹如英语辅导班一样大量涌现。不会出现我们早期考生有题舍不得做的情况了。但也不能太急功近利,单词没弄好就硬上阅读,有时候会适得其反。用1周的时间大量的突击,也是对单词的一个巩固。找到感觉以后就可以开始下面的复习。复习听力口语作文的日子里,每天一定要最少做3篇文章的题量,按照考试的时间要求(requirement),千万不可放松。做得多了,就可以把阅读当作一种放松了。ETS的阅读文章能教给我们各种学科的基础知识。(这与GRE有区别。托福的专业性文章还都处于一个启蒙的专业水平上,不像G那么变)阅读还可以教给我们一些老美的思路,老美看待问题的方式。阅读不会像你想象的那样痛苦的(painful)。

关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。在此问题上我与有的朋友也有过争执。我个人习惯是先用5—7分钟的时间通读全文,然后平均每个问题有1分钟的时间来回答。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基础上,每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文,每个选项都一一进行斟酌。我认为这样准确率比较高。但有的朋友本着居家过日子的心,认为1000多字的文章只出十几个题,必然有一些信息是没用的。这样通读全文就会浪费掉一些时间,不如先看题再回去找来的痛快。对此我不好妄加评论。每个人都应该通过考前大量的练习来制定出最为适合自己的方法。

无论是OG还是Delta,都把阅读的题目分成十类,即:Understanding Facts and Details, Identifying Negative Facts, Locating Referents, Understanding Vocabulary in Context, Making Inferences,Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences), Recognizing Coherence (Sentence inserting), Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information. 我将按顺序一一解释。

还有很重要的一点,做题的时候,无论考试还是练习,不光要分析对的选项为什么对,更要分析错的选项为什么错。有时候分析错误的原因更为重要。有助于你把握出题的思路,培养感觉。

托福阅读中的六个高难度句子

托福阅读中也会出现一些考研大家的托福阅读难句,遇到这些句子的时候,要在平时新托福阅读中注意积累,觉得用得到的要记下来,以下总结的托福阅读中的6个高难度句,希望对大家的托福阅读考试有帮助。

1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.

戴着面具身着盛装的人们,经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵,并且作为一个扮演者所能做的,就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临,阳光的重现的结果。

2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题,就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。

3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.

十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步,包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量,最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调-从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果-的乐器。

4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.

虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的,但用一句完全感性的话来说电影从来就不是没有声音的。

5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.

多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中,通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。

6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.

更进一步,他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作,包含光滑,紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。

托福阅读素材:诺基亚计划重返手机市场

Four years ago, Stephen Elop, Nokia’s then-CEO, described the company as a man at the edge of a burning platform. While its rivals had set the phone market on fire, Nokia hadpoured gasoline on its own platform by failing to acknowledge that newcomers Apple and Google had changed the game.

四年前,诺基亚当时的CEO史蒂芬·埃洛普把公司比喻为一个站在燃烧中的钻井平台边缘的人。当它的竞争对手点燃手机市场时,诺基亚还在自己的平台上开采石油,没有注意到苹果、谷歌等新面孔已经让游戏规则发生了改变。

In hindsight, the “burning platform” memo can be seen as the prelude to the disposal of its once dominant mobile handset business to Microsoft in what many Finns considered a fire sale. The operation that made the candy-bar phone as ubiquitous as the smooth black slate of the iPhone is today was no more.

现在回头来看,“燃烧的平台”备忘录可以被视为诺基亚在放弃手机业务的前兆。它将这个曾经是业界第一的业务出售给微软,而许多芬兰人认为这简直是一次大甩卖。这也使得曾经诺记亚的直板手机从此不复存在——曾几何时,它们和今天的黑色苹果手机一样无处不在。

So it is surprising that Nokia is quietly plotting a return to the consumer mobile market.

正因如此,诺基亚暗中打算重返消费手机市场才如此令人惊讶。

As early as next year, the company aims to rejoin the phone market, two sources briefed on Nokia’s plans told Re/code. In addition, the company has a number of other ambitious technology projects, including some in the virtual reality arena, these sources said.

Re/code从两处消息来源获得了诺基亚计划的梗概:公司计划明年就重返手机市场;它还有许多雄心勃勃的科技项目,其中一些和虚拟现实竞技场有关。

The move is driven by Nokia Technologies — the smallest of the three businesses that remained after the Microsoft deal, alongside its mapping and network equipment businesses. Nokia Technologies is best known for being the arm that licenses the company’s massive portfolio of more than 10,000 patents.

微软收购后,诺基亚仅剩下地图、网络设备和诺基亚科技三项业务。此次行动正是由其中规模最小的诺基亚科技推动的。诺基亚科技是公司专利授权方面的武器,并因此知名。诺基亚在专利上进行了大量投资,拥有10000多项专利。

Unlike other patent houses that do little more than license intellectual property, Nokia Technologies has designed new products and licensed them to other companies. So far, these ambitions have been small in scale. The division has released just two products: An Android program called Zlauncher and the N1, an Android tablet design licensed to another manufacturer that is selling it under the Nokia name in China. Its return to the market is likely to employ a similar tactic.

和其它专利公司不同,诺基亚科技并不局限于知识产权授权。它还设计新产品并授权给其它公司。目前为止,它的这些报负的规模并不大,只发布了两款产品:一款名为Zlauncher的安卓应用和N1安卓平板。N1的设计被授权给另一家制造商,并由它在中国以诺基亚的名义出售。诺基亚重返手机市场可能会采取和N1相同的策略。

篇6:官方推荐托福文章阅读技巧

托福考试并没有想象中的那么难,只要大家把握机会,在做题的同时总结经验教训,寻找出一套适合自己的学习方法,那么托福考试就会变的非常容易,高中基础托福培训是帮助学生在英语方面提高的一个方法,大强度的练习可以让学生们掌握更多的英语习题技巧,

一、高中基础托福培训托福阅读文章结构题,

备考资料

推断托福阅读文章前面内容要立足文章首句,因为文章首句承上启下,考生尤其要注意首句中诸如this、so之类的结构词。

二、高中基础托福培训托福阅读作者态度题。作者态度题一般会分为两种:A、局部态度题;B、整体态度题。

三、高中基础托福培训托福阅读列举题。把新托福考试的阅读列举题分为四类。(1)一句话列举。(2)局部列举。(3)段落列举。题干语言在某自然段首句重现;(4)文章列举。

四、高中基础托福培训托福阅读主旨题。分为三种:A、作者的意图;B、文章标题;C、文章中心思想。

学习的过程中会有很多的考试,而只要掌握到适合的学习的方法,就可以轻松取胜。高中基础托福培训要求学生们在英语的习题方面进行大量的练习。

篇7:托福阅读如何应对文章难句

NO8-1,我们从“词--句--篇章”来谈谈这篇文章。

原文:

Geologists have long known that the Earth's mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.

一、难词

spatial: a.1.空间的,太空的;2.存在(或者发生)于宇宙空间的

plume: n.1.羽状物2.柱,地柱

xenolith:俘虏岩

percolate:v.1.渗透2.扩散到,弥漫于

portions: n.一部分

二、难句

1.the best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands,islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system, whose source,most geologists contend,is the upper mantle.

对于地幔分层论点来说,最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实,即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantle plume)——上发现的火山岩石,是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的,而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因,大多数地质学家论辩道,为上部地幔。

难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语

解释:本句前面的主干并不算难,即the evidence is the fact that,难就难在fact之后说明fact 的同位语从句。此从句中既有大段插入语,又有从句,较为难读。同位语从句的主语是volcanic rocks,主语后面的found on oceanic islands是分词修饰volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一个说明islands的同位语islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位语实际起到一个分隔主谓的同位语的作用。其后是谓语动词are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。

句中有一些专有词汇。如果抛开文章不说,单看这一个句子,则句首的layered mantle thesis就难以理解。但是如果读者能够读懂句子的大致意思,看到layered mantle thesisr最有力证据就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,这应该可以推测出,既然不同于上层地幔,则这个理论一定是在说地幔有不同的层面。

2. some geologists,however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered,but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly,according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. (4+)

但是,某些地质学家,以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的观察为依据,指出地幔并非是分层排列的,相反,地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的,这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态,自下而上渗透扩散,并依照这些流质流向的任意性,不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。

难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语

解释:本句的主句中有一个长插入语however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主谓,但句子的主要难度还是在that引导的宾语从句中,从句中有由but 所连接的两个句子,一起延续到句末。首选是rich in incompatible elements修饰fluids;后面又有一个同位语和一个分词结构,都是修饰incompatible elements的,最后还有一个状语来修饰那个分词结构,层层修饰,比较复杂。

三、文章结构

Ts是文章的第一句,因此这一篇短文章是结论解释型。文章开始说出了地幔是heterogeneous,然后又指出了他的spatial arrangement remains unresolved,然后提出了两种理论,一是layyered-mantle thesis,另外一个是irregularly heterogeneous.然后分别对这两种理论进行describe.最后作者指出,We believe,perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.

篇8:托福阅读如何应对文章难句

除了词汇量较大以外,句子结构复杂也是托福阅读的障碍之一。面对难句,必须迅速把握其主干和重点,因为考试时涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重点,对于句子简化题(sentence simplification)尤其如此。要把握难句的主干和重点,首先要弄清它们的类型。简而言之,托福中的难句主要包括下列类型:

1.定语(包含后置定语与定语从句)

2.同位语

3.并列结构

4.that引导的各种从句

5.插入结构

6.独立主格

7.倒装句

8.强调句

9.虚拟语气

·对于不同类型的难句,把握主干的方法也不一样。以倒装句为例,主要有下列情况:

1.方位副词放在句首

Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine。

2.介词放在句首

Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets。

3. 形容词放在句首

Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony。

4.过去分词放在句首

Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent。

5.现在分词放在句首

Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans。

· 句子倒装的目的主要有两个:

一是被提前的部分被强调,如上述的第四句:Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”,其中的accustomed按照正常语序应该放在are之后:Though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”。之所以将accustomed提前,是为了强调它。二是为了句子的平衡,否则将导致头重脚轻的效果,如上述的第一句、第三句和第五句。以第五句为例,按照正常语序应该是:Fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently。但是这种句子结构比较糟糕,因为主语及其修饰语过长(从句首直到cetaceans),而谓语部分were missing until recently较短,容易造成头重脚轻的效果。第五句将missing提前,避免了这一现象。

托福阅读句意解释题

这类型题目的题干表达为:Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

解决这类题目的三种方法:

第一种:在保持原句序基本不变的前提下进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;

第二种:在句序不变的前提下再进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;

第三种:对原句进行总结性重复。

下面我们通过一个例子来看这些方法的具体应用:

Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.

It is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.

Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.

Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.

解题:

首先,我们来分析这个句子,整个主句的主语为Small marketers,谓语为be concerned with,宾语为factors,这个分析完成之后,我们采用同意替换的方法,替换其中的重点词组-谓语be concerned with,其同义词为focus on。这样替换完之后把两个句子的意思进行比较,得出正确答案C。这道题目采用了第一种方法。

托福阅读的四种关系整理

1.因果关系

因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with

果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, coequently, accordingly

因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。

隐性因果:

A 导致(因-果):cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, push, stimulate, ark, ur, fuel, produce, be reoible for

如:The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees.

在这段话中,有lead to,表示了导致的意思,即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。

B 由……而来(果-因):result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be reoive to, be attributable to

如:“The extreme serioue of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the proce.”

在这段话中,根据result from可以推断出有因果关系,那如果是解释句子题时,选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。

C 反映,体现(果-因):reflect, present, demotrate, suggest, imply, show This result demotrates that&helli

D 考虑到:given, coidering, in view of, thanks to, according to He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort.

E 依赖于:rely on, depend on, resort to, He resorted to books when he had problems.

F 条件关系:when, once, as soon as, as long as As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once.

G 分词短语,不定式做状语:Failing in the final exam, she cried.

2.对比转折关系

A 对比:while, whereas, on the other hand

在解释句子题、插入句子题中,一旦出现对比关系,学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While, whereas 前后连接的是平行结构,on the other hand前必定有on one hand,可以用来把握句间关系。

B 转折:but, although, deite, in ite of, neverthele, however

转折是托福阅读的一个经典考点之一,掌握这些转折词对考试非常有帮助。

3.比较关系

A 同级比较 ahellias

B 比较级:more&hellithan, -er than, lehellithan

C 变化:change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progre, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain

D 差异:different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare&hellito E 超越:surpa, exceed, excel, over F 最高级 1)本身有最高级含义:maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top 2) 本身程度比较深:amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high 3) 否定+比较=最高级 No one is more outstanding than him.

从这句话中可以看出,否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。

4.否定关系

显性否定:no, not, never, nor, none neither 隐形否定:fail to, refuse, remove, mi, reject, aence of, lack of 否定前缀:a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un- 否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点,把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词,依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。

双重否定:not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable 双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式,由于在平时中文对话中用的很少,随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。

托福阅读材料之生理缺陷不影响成功

The secret of Leonardo Da Vinci’s talent and Pablo Picasso’s success may have been their dyslexia. The two men both suffered from the ‘word blindness’ that affects as many as one in 12 children – but it seems it can also bring the keen spatial awareness that makes the difference between a jobbing painter and a master of art.

科学家经研究证实,大师达芬奇以及毕加索的成功竟是因为他们在生理上的缺陷---难语症(阅读障碍)所“造就而成”的。这两位闻名世界的大师级人物因为天生就患有阅读障碍症状,该症状迫使他们对于“空间意识”有着自己独到的见解,并同一般画家区分开来。

The finding, from Middlesex University psychologists, could help explain the brilliance of some of the greatest artists of all time and the timelessness of works such as the Mona Lisa. The researchers put 41 men and women through tests to assess their visuo-spatial ability. Around half of those taking part were dyslexic and so had trouble learning to spell, read and write. The dyslexic men did better than the other men on many of the tests, including recalling the direction of the Queen’s head on a postage stamp and reproducing designs using coloured blocks.

据悉,心理学家将流芳百世的作品《蒙娜丽莎》的成功归因于大师的“缺陷”。研究者针对41个男女进行“视空间”的能力测试,研究发现具有“阅读障碍”的人比普通人在设计、色彩搭配上更具有天分。

They were also faster and more accurate at navigating their way around a ‘virtual town’ on a computer screen, the journal Learning and Individual Differences reports. The researchers said there could be several explanations for the findings, including dyslexics developing an enhanced sense of space to compensate for problems with language.

具有“阅读障碍”的人在电脑上操控三维立体的能力更强、精确度更高、速度也更快。研究者对该实验结果这样解释:“人若具有阅读障碍,那么有可能人的另一部分的潜能。比如空间感觉就会得到发挥,从而弥补人们在读写能力方面的缺失。”

Dr Nicola Brunswick said: ‘Also, many dyslexic people prefer to work out problems by thinking and doing rather than by speaking. This could help dyslexic men develop the kind of skills they need to succeed in the artistic and creative worlds.’

研究者说,有阅读障碍的人更倾向用“思考”解决问题,而非用语言来表达。在语言能力方面的缺失使得人们强迫自己发展身体其他的潜能来提升自己的价值,从另一种程度上帮助了艺术家创作作品。

Artists known or believed to have suffered from dyslexia include Da Vinci, Picasso, Rodin and Andy Warhol.

据悉,具有阅读障碍的大师级人物不少,有达芬奇、毕加索、罗丹以及安迪·沃霍尔。

Notes:

dyslexia [dis'leksi?] n. 诵读困难;阅读障碍;难语症

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