托福阅读复习的四个建议（精选9篇）由网友“rcha”投稿提供，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读复习的四个建议，希望能帮助到大家!
篇1：托福阅读复习的四个建议
【1】When several individuals of the same species or of several different species depend on the same limited resource, a situation may arise that is referred to as competition. The existence of competition has been long known to naturalists; its effects were described by Darwin in considerable detail. Competition among individuals of the same species (intraspecies competition), one of the major mechanisms of natural selection, is the concern of evolutionary biology. Competition among the individuals of different species (interspecies competition) is a major concern of ecology. It is one of the factors controlling the size of competing populations, and extreme cases it may lead to the extinction of one of the competing species. This was described by Darwin for indigenous New Zealand species of animals and plants, which died out when competing species from Europe were introduced.
【2】No serious competition exists when the major needed resource is in superabundant supply, as in most cases of the coexistence of herbivores (plant eaters). Furthermore, most species do not depend entirely on a single resource, if the major resource for a species becomes scarce, the species can usually shift to alternative resources. If more than one species is competing for a scarce resource, the competing species usually switch to different alternative resources. Competition is usually most severe among close relatives with similar demands on the environment. But it may also occur among totally unrelated forms that compete for the same resource, such as seed-eating rodents and ants. The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated when all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem come into competition, as happened 2 million years ago at the end of Pliocene, when North and South America became joined by the Isthmus of Panama. North and South American species migrating across the Isthmus now came into competition with each other. The result was the extermination of a large fraction of the South American mammals, which were apparently unable to withstand the competition from invading North American species—although added predation was also an important factor.
【3】To what extent competition determines the composition of a community and the density of particular species has been the source of considerable controversy. The problem is that competition ordinarily cannot be observed directly but must be inferred from the spread or increase of one species and the concurrent reduction or disappearance of another species. The Russian biologist G. F. Gause performed numerous two-species experiments in the laboratory, in which one of the species became extinct when only a single kind of resource was available. On the basis of these experiments and of field observations, the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated, according to which no two species can occupy the same niche. Numerous seeming exceptions to this law have since been found, but they can usually be explained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a major joint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche.
【4】Competition among species is of considerable evolutionary importance. The physical structure of species competing for resources in the same ecological niche tends to gradually evolve in ways that allow them to occupy different niches. Competing species also tend to change their ranges so that their territories no longer overlap. The evolutionary effect of competition on species has been referred to as “species selection”; however, this description is potentially misleading. Only the individuals of a species are subject to the pressures of natural selection. The effect on the well-being and existence of a species is just the result of the effects of selection on all the individuals of the species. Thus species selection is actually a result of individual selection.
【5】Competition may occur for any needed resource. In the case of animals it is usually food; in the case of forest plants it may be light; in the case of substrate inhabitants it may be space, as in many shallow-water bottom-dwelling marine organisms. Indeed, it may be for any of the factors, physical as well as biotic, that are essential for organisms. Competition is usually the more severe the denser the population. Together with predation, it is the most important density-dependent factor in regulating population growth.
篇2：托福阅读复习的四个建议
1.The phrase “mechanisms of natural selection” in the passage(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to
A.types of natural selection.
B.dangers of natural selection.
C.problems natural selection solves.
D.ways natural selection works.
2.According to paragraph 1, what is one effect of competition among individuals of different species?
A.It results in the eventual elimination of the resource for which they are competing.
B.It leads to competition among individuals of the same species.
C.It encourages new species to immigrate to an area.
D.It controls the number of individuals in the competing populations.
3.The word “indigenous” in the passage(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to
A.native.
B.rate.
C.most.
D.numerous.
4.In paragraph 1, why does the author mention what happened in New Zealand?
A.To indicate that Darwin understood the importance of competition.
B.To illustrate that competition can lead to the extinction of species.
C.To identify where the idea of competition among species first arose.
D.To argue against the idea that the process of selection is a natural occurrence.
5.According to paragraph 2, competition is not usually a significant factor among two coexisting species when
A.one of the species has only recently moved into the territory of the other.
B.the species are closely related to each other.
C.the population of one species is much larger than that of the other.
D.both of the species are herbivores.
6.The word “graphically” in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to
A.vividly.
B.frequently.
C.broadly.
D.typically.
7.In paragraph 2, why does the author talk about what happened as a result of North and South America becoming joined at the Isthmus of Panama?
A.To make the point that predation can have as much effect on species survival as competition does.
B.To show how the ability to switch to an alternative resource can give a species a competitive advantage.
C.To account for the current species composition of North and South America.
D.To provide an example of the serious effects of competition between unrelated species.
8.Paragraph 3 supports the idea that Gause's experiments were important because they
A.provided a situation in which competition could be removed from the interaction between two species.
B.showed that previous ideas about the extent to which competition determines the composition of a community were completely mistaken.
C.helped establish that competition will remove all but one species from any given ecological niche.
D.offered evidence that competition between species is minimal when there is an overabundance of a single food source.
9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 3)? Incorrect choices change the meaningin important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Apparent exceptions to this law usually involves cases in which two species compete for the same major resource but occupy slightly different niches.
B.Although it may appear that two species always have different niches, many exceptions show that species compete with each other.
C.Cases in which two species not only compete for a shared resource but also occupy similar niches are considered exceptions to this law.
D.Cases in which the two species do not occupy that same niche yet still compete for the same resource are believed to be exceptions to this law.
10.According to paragraph 4, how does competition affect evolution?
A.It results in the evolution of physical structures that allow the species to compete with each other more effectively.
B.It results I the evolutionary extinction of all but one of the competing species.
C.It results in the competing species evolving in such a way that they no longer compete for the same resources.
D.It results in the competing species evolving to become so much like each other that competition between them eventually disappears.
11.According to paragraph 4, “species selection” is a misleading term because it
A.overemphasizes the role of selection pressure in species extinction.
B.suggests that selection pressures directly influence whole species.
C.does not make a distinction between species extinction and species evolution.
D.suggests that extinction always results whenever there is a competition.
12.The word “regulating” in the passage(paragraph 5)is closest in meaning to
A.controlling.
B.explaining.
C.observing.
D.stopping.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? That is, as the density of a population increases, competition has a greater impact and leads to greater mortality.
Competition may occur for any needed resource. ■【A】In the case of animals it is usually food; in the case of forest plants it may be light; in the case of substrate inhabitants it may be space, as in many shallow-waterbottom-dwelling marine organisms. ■【B】Indeed, it may be for any of the factors,physical as well as biotic, that are essential for organisms. ■【C】Competition isusually the more severe the denser the population. ■【D】Together with predation, itis the most important density-dependent factor in regulating population growth.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
When necessary resources are limited, competition can occur among individuals of the same species or of different species.
A.Competition can eliminate a species, but since most species do not depend on a single resource, competition is often reduced by switching to alternative resources.
B.Investigation of the ecological role of competition is difficult because ordinarily the competition cannot be observed directly and must be inferred from its presumed effects.
C.Competition between a pair of species tends to lessen over time because the species tend to evolve to occupy different ecological niches and ranges.
D.Competition between individual of the same species is usually for food whereas competition between species is usually for habitat.
E.Experiments and field observation have established that competition between species is strong enough to prevent two species from occupying the same ecological niche.
F.Competition is usually strongest when the density of the competing populations is the same.
篇3：托福阅读复习的四个建议
1.Mechanism本身是机制，原理的意思。从原文也可以推断出来。我们都知道进化是由于“物竞天择”的原因，原文这一句就是这个意思。因此这道题选择D。
2.通过competition among individuals of different species定位到红色标注句子，但这句并没提到任何一个选项，继续往后看，下一句的主语是代词it，指代intraspecies competition，因此后面也是对物种间竞争的描述。而这一句提到了是控制population的因素，对应了选项D。
3.Indigenous是本土的意思=A选项。B是稀少的，C是大部分的，D是无数的。 这个词义也可以从原文推断。原文最后半句，which引导的从句说由于欧洲引进的种族和which指代的东西竞争，是which灭绝了。往前看which引导的是“indigenous”新西兰动植物。可以推测A选项代入最合适。
4.这一段提到种族间竞争时的论点是可以控制不同种族的数量。然后举出了新西兰动植物作为了例子，而例子都是用来证明和支持观点的。因此选择B选项。
5.根据coexisting species定位到原文处，前文就是原因，因为资源供给充足。而coexistence of herbivores是给出的例证，coexistence herbivores间没有激烈竞争是因为它们都吃草，而草资源是非常充足的。理想答案是当资源充足时，竞争不会成为重要的影响因素。但原文没有，唯一合适的选择就是D，也就是原文提到的例证。
6.Graph是图画的意思，graphically也就是用图形地，可以推出生动地的意思。因此选择A. vividly. B选项是频繁地，C是广泛地，D是特别地。都不符合。
7.引出南北美洲物种竞争结果的主句是“The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated…”由此推断，南北美洲动物竞争的结果就是为了说明竞争的Effects。因此选择D。
A原文提到了，在最后的半句，但是前面的although说明了这不是主要观点。
8.通过Gause's experiments定位，文章在描述完实验内容后，说on the basis of these experiment，那么说明后面就是实验得到的结论。也就是law of competitive exclusion. 因此选择C。
9.原文中句子的主干是 seeming exceptions have been found，然后存在了转折逻辑之后说这种例外是可以被解释的。因此只有A符合。B，C，D都在一定程度上改变了原句的意思。
10.第一句就提到了问题所问的内容，说competition具有evolutionary importance。后面应该就是具体的解释。往后看说同一小生态环境中的竞争物种tend to….那么tend to的内容就是答案。对应的就是C，说使得其领地不再重叠，也就是不再同一区域内进行资源竞争了。
11.通过species selection定位到标注处，后面出现了转折，说这个描写是misleading的。往后肯定就会解释原因。原文说natural selection其实是直接作用在individual上的，而不是species上。所以错误。对应了B选项，“species selection 暗示了选择压力是直接作用于整个物种上的。”
12.最后一句是说它是最重要的在怎么样数量增长中，影响密度的因素。很容易理解是控制。因此选A。B是解释，C是观察，D是停止。
13.要插入的句子开头的that 一定是指代前文的一句话。并且跟density有关。而原文第一次出现density有关的词是在D选项前的一句话“denser”，插入后发现，插入的就是在进一步说明D前的那一句。而后文又补充了predation和competition对density的共同作用，逻辑关系吻合，意思通顺。
14.A正确，对应原文第二段第二，三句。B原文并没有这样的意思，一直在说是在竞争resource，不选。C后半句在原文中提到了，但s是并没有与前半句的这样的因果关系，不选。D正确，对应原文第3段的on the basis of那一句。E正确，对应原文第四段的第二句。
篇4：托福写作：复习建议
托福写作：复习建议
建议一： 避免空洞的单词和词组
1. 一些空洞的单词或词组根本不能为句子带来任何相关的或重要的信息，完全可以被删掉。比如下面的句子：
When all things are considered, young adults of today live more satisfying lives than those of their parents, in my opinion.
这句话当中的“when all things are considered”和“in my opinion“都显得多余。完全可以去掉。改为：
Young adults of today live more satisfying lives than their parents.
2. 有些空洞和繁琐的表达方式可以进行替换，例如：
Due to the fact that our grandparents were under an obligation to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have at this point in time.
“due to the fact that”就是一个很典型的繁琐的表达方式的例子，可以替换，简化为下面的表达方式：
Because our grandparents were obligated to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have now.
建议二： 避免重复
1. 尽量避免重复使用同样的词汇。或者有的时候虽然词汇没有重复，但意思却有重复。这时候可以做一些简化的工作。例如下面这个例子：:
The farm my grandfather grew up on was large in size.
large 对一个farm来说就是size方面的large，所以in size可以去掉，改为：
The farm my grandfather grew up on was large.
更简洁的表达方式为：
My grandfather grew up on a large farm.
2. 有时一个词组可以用一个更简单的单词来替换，例如：
My grandfather has said over and over again that he had to work on his parents’ farm.
这里的over and over again就可以改为repeatedly，显得更为简洁：
My grandfather has said repeatedly that he had to work on his parents’ farm.
建议三：选择最恰当的语法结构
选择合适的语法结构可以使句子意思的表达更为精确和简练。虽然语法的多样性也很重要，但选择最恰当的语法结构仍然是更为重要的考虑因素。
1. 一个句子的主语和谓语动词应该能够反映句子中的最重要的意思。例如：.
The situation that resulted in my grandfather’s not being able to study engineering was that his father needed help on the farm.
从意思上来分析，上面这句话需要表达的重要的概念是“grandfather’s not being able to study”，而在表达这个概念时，原句用的主语是situation，谓语动词是was，不能强调需要表达的重点概念，可以改为下面这句话：
My grandfather couldn’t study engineering because his father needed help on the farm.
2. 避免频繁使用“there be”结构，例如下面的句子：
There were 25 cows on the farm that my grandfather had to milk every day. It was hard work for my grandfather.
可以改为：My grandfather worked hard. He had to milk 25 cows on the farm every day.
更简洁的句式为：
My grandfather worked hard milking 25 cows daily.
3. 把从句改为短语或单词。例如：
Dairy cows were raised on the farm, which was located100 kilometers from the nearest university and was in an area that was remote.
简介的表达方式为：
The dairy farm was located in a remote area, 100 kilometers to the nearest university.
4. 仅在需要强调宾语而不是主语的时候，才使用被动语态。例如：
In the fall, not only did the cows have to be milked, but also the hay was mowed and stacked by my grandfather’s family.
本句不够简洁的原因是本句的重心应该是“忙碌的家庭-my grandfather’s family”，而使用了被动语态后，仿佛重心变成了cows和hay。下面的表达方式是主动语态，相对来说更简洁一些：
In the fall, my grandfather’s family not only milked the cow but also mowed and stacked the hay.
5. 用更为精确的一个动词来代替动词短语，例如下面这句话：
My grandfather didn’t have time to stand around doing nothing with his school friends.
Stand around doing nothing其实可以用一个动词来表达，即loiter：
My grandfather didn’t have time to loiter with his school friends.
6. 有时两句话的信息经过组合完全可以用一句话来简练地表达，例如：
Profits from the farm were not large. Sometimes they were too small to meet the expenses of running a farm. They were not sufficient to pay for a university degree.
两句话的信息可以合并为下面这句更为简洁的句子：
Profits from the farm were sometimes too small to meet operational expenses, let alone pay for a university degree.
托福写作高分满分范文点评和思路解析：拜访娱乐运动圈名人
托福写作难点话题一览
What famous entertainer or athlete would you like to meet?
If you could meet a famous entertainer or athlete, who would that be, and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.
写作思路展开结构分析
这道题目的重点在于entertainer 或是运动员，大家选择的人物要注意必须符合这两项特征。同时还要说清楚去见这个人的具体原因。当然理由可以是最简单的个人崇拜，也可以是对他演出的节目和参加的比赛获得奖项的相关问题，展开范围还是比较大的。
本话题高分范文赏析
Famous entertainers and athletes have a vast amount of influence over there. It is up to the entertainer to choose how they wield their power over the general public; some try their best to set a good example, while others exhibit depravity and malevolent behavior. Yao Ming, the famous basketball star, is an excellent example of the type of star who tries at time to look after his fans. If I could meet one famous athlete, I would choose to meet Yao Ming. Yao Ming is very young to be a member of the esteemed National Basketball Association in North America. In his rookie year he has surpassed all expectations of those knowledgeable with the sport. His skill is attested to by the vast number of people interested in his abilities; in fact his popularity is so great that he has replaced O'Neal as starting center in the American All Star Game, which is no small feat. Yao Ming was also the number one rookie pick last year in the NBA. It would be inspiring to meet someone with such great abilities. He must have worked on his talent from a very young age to achieve such greatness. Another reason why I would love to meet this great man is because he is an excellent ambassador for China. Yao Ming epitomizes Chinese spirit of hard working to achieve greatness. He in a sense brings China to the world. Although China has become an increasingly important part of international culture, our fair country is still relatively unknown to a large portion of the North American population. Yao Ming has titillated the interest of millions of young people around the world, with the unavoidable effect of bringing a focus to China and Chinese culture. Finally, why I would like to meet Yao Ming is because he is a genuinely kind person. In spite of his fame and notoriety, in interviews you can see that he has remained a gracious and humble person. As an example of his kindness one must only look at his recent efforts in China to help raise money for SARS research. Therefore, I think that Yao Ming would be an excellent role model for all young people today, both in China and the rest of the world. He is a hard working, dedicated man, with a strong, noble character.
托福写作窍门
提醒:每人要有自己的模版, 下列模版仅供参考, 不可直接享用.
Integrated task:
表示陈述了某种观点的：
Indicate, state, claim, believe, argue, say, hold, discuss, mention, contend, demonstrate, raise the issue, according to the professor/writer…..
表示观点相反的：
Cast doubt on, refute, rebuke, refuse, question, disagree with, oppose, contradict, on the contrary, differ from
表示支持的：
Support, strengthen, agree with, reinforce, present the same idea
常用表示总结听力和阅读材料观点不同的句子：
1. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.
2. this entirely opposes the writer’s expectation.
3. this is where the speaker disagrees with the writer.
4. this is another part where experience contradict theory.
模版：
In the lecture, the professor states that..., which differs from the point of the reading, the passsage contends that......
As for the writer, the writer indicates that.......R1.....On the contrary, the instructor argues that L1.....+detail.
In the lecture, the speaker raises the issue that L2+detail ......., yet the reading passage belives that.......R2...
In the lecture, the professor says L3.....+detail...., and what the professor says opposes the idea of reading which holds that R3.........
In a word, what is discussed in the lecture entirely opposes the writer’s expectation.
篇5：托福阅读复习攻略
托福阅读复习攻略：做题速度和正确率那个更重要?
一. 托福阅读备考初期：正确率>阅读速度
托福复习备考初期，我们复习托福阅读的时候应该看重的是正确率，因为此时我们词汇积累有限，对阅读题型也不够了解，所以先要保证的是做题的正确率。然后，每做完一篇阅读都要回头去做精读，弄懂文章的意思。因为此时是打基础的阶段，不必要求自己非得在20分钟内完成一篇阅读，重要的是提升自己的基础能力，在保证正确率的同时积累生词。
二. 托福阅读备考中期：正确率=阅读速度
备考中期，我们复习托福阅读的时候就要开始注意提升自己的做题速度了，此时的练习应该是精读和泛读相结合。精读时，第一步先计时来做文章，尽量保证在20分钟内完成一篇阅读文章。此时托福阅读复习中所关注的点要逐渐向阅读速度上偏移，正确率和速度差不多达到等值，也就意味着大家既要保证正确率又要提升做题速度。此时精读还是要做的，文章的生词要及时积累，错题要深入分析保证能够透彻理解。
三. 托福阅读备考后期：正确率<阅读速度
托福阅读备考后期，也就是我们通常说的冲刺期，此时应该重点加强托福阅读速度，保证自己能够在15-20分钟内完成文章。所以此时应该是正确率小于阅读速度，这样说并不意味着托福阅读正确率不重要。托福阅读的正确率是我们从始至终都要保证的，此时之所以强调阅读速度是因为我们在前期已经打下了良好的基础，所以是在正确率已经有保障的前提之前提升阅读速度。建议大家在这个阶段多做模考练习，并掌握一些托福阅读的做题技巧。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
In 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents — New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had ten giant metropolises. The newer ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy.
The population of Los Angeles (114,000 in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930. A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River. The city had a superb natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The climate made it possible to shoot motion pictures year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not only supplied jobs; it disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the nation. The most important single industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, however, was directly linked to the automobile. The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines led to the opening of the Southern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North America's greatest refining center.
Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles. Los Angeles was a decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of 400 square miles. It was a city without a real center. The downtown business district did not grow apace with the city as a whole, and the rapid transit system designed to link the center with outlying areas withered away from disuse. Approximately 800,000 cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents. Some visitors from the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city. But the freedom and mobility of a city built on wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city.
1. What is the passage mainly about?
(A) The growth of cities in the United States in the early 1900's
(B) The development of the Southern California oil fields
(C) Factors contributing to the growth of Los Angeles
(D) Industry and city planning in Los Angeles
2. The author characterizes the growth of new large cities in the United States after 1900 as
resulting primarily from
(A) new economic conditions
(B) images of cities shown in movies
(C) new agricultural techniques
(D) a large migrant population
3. The word meteoric in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) rapid
(B) famous
(C) controversial
(D) methodical
4. The word it in line 8 refers to
(A) aqueduct
(B) vision
(C) water
(D) agricultural potential
5. According to the passage , the most important factor in the development of agriculture around
Los Angeles was the
(A) influx of new residents to agricultural areas near the city
(B) construction of an aqueduct
(C) expansion of transportation facilities
(D) development of new connections to the city's natural harbor
6. According to the passage , the initial success of Hollywood' s motion picture industry was due
largely to the
(A) availability of many skilled workers
(B) beauty of the countryside
(C) region's reputation for luxurious lifestyles
(D) region's climate and good weather
7. It can be inferred from the passage that in 1930 the greatest number of people in the Los
Angeles area were employed in
(A) farming
(B) oil refining
(C) automobile manufacturing
(D) the motion picture industry
8. According to the passage , the Southern California oil fields were initially exploited due to
(A) the fuel requirements of Los Angeles' rail system
(B) an increase in the use of gasoline engines in North America
(C) a desire to put unproductive desert land to good use
(D) innovative planning on the part of the city founders
9. The phrase apace with in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) anew with
(B) apart from
(C) as fast as
(D) at the middle of
10. It can be inferred from the passage that the spatial organization of Los Angeles contributed to
the relative decline there of
(A) public transportation
(B) industrial areas
(C) suburban neighborhoods
(D) oil fields
11. The visitors from the east coast mentioned in the passage thought that Los Angeles
(A) was not accurately portrayed by Hollywood images
(B) lacked good suburban areas in which to live
(C) had an excessively large population
(D) was not really a single city
PASSAGE 93 CAACB DCBCA D
篇6：现代文阅读复习建议
现代文阅读复习建议
现代文阅读复习误区：(1)草草带过、匆匆收场。不少教师和学生认为，阅读题能力的提高非一日之功，只好靠运气，于是对阅读这一大块往往草草带过、匆匆收场。(2)理论上讲得多，实际训练少;(3)训练之后，只对答案，不教方法，有些甚至连答案都不对，让学生自己对答案。(4)甚至把它当作难啃的石头而丢在一边根本不复习。这些都是十分错误的想法。阅读题分值高，评分要求严格。再者，做阅读题也并非毫无规律。课本及报刊上介绍了许多方法可供借鉴，我们也可自己探索一些方法。
为此建议：除上新课时结合文体特征讲解文体特点和阅读方法以外，还应注意：
1、培养良好的阅读心态、阅读习惯和答题习惯。
阅读心态：静心阅读，
阅读习惯：至少阅读三遍，独立解读文本。这种能力的培养靠教师的引领与示范。告诉学生每一遍阅读的任务是什么。(1)内容(2)脉络(3)主旨和写作意图。老师重在帮助学生弄懂文章的主旨和结构。教师应着重讲如何读懂的而不是讲题目的答案。
答题习惯：学生答题的弊病：答非所问，答非所思，答非主旨，答非文本，答非语文
培养好习惯：答依所问，答应思考，答据文本，答重主旨，答要规范
具体地说，教师要帮助学生养成读完全篇再做题的习惯;圈点勾画的习惯，认真审题的习惯(勾画题目中的关键词)，用主旨关照每一道题的习惯;想好了再答题的习惯;从文本找依据的习惯，推敲答案的习惯等。
2、指导学生多思考多回味，思要深，点要全，要总结答题方法。
例如读文化散文，要思考作者的写作意图，文章的现实意义。如《千载醉翁亭》《晋祠》要用文化之眼看古迹。《萧萧池塘暮》不仅是环保，更有对美好事物的留恋和对传承文化的呼吁。
又如词句理解题，如何分析重点词语和修辞手法的表达效果，如何传达出作者的某种情感?都有规律所循，要及时总结。
3、重视结构段的分析，要分析哪一句是语段的中心句，哪一句或哪几句是阐释句、举例句、描述句、结论句等，它们排列的一般规律是什么?句与句之间是如何连接的，把这些搞清楚了，不仅会做第五题句子连贯题，理解文章内容、划分文章层次以及写作分段都有好处。
4、加强表达训练，理思路，锤语言，做到有层次的回答问题。
学生答案在表述上的明确性、完整性和层次性是现代文阅读的得分关键。读懂了文章，而不会答题的学生，或不能清晰表达，有层次的表达答案的学生大有人在，所以，教师要帮助学生养成推敲和修改答案的习惯，要在自己力所能及的范围内斟酌出最完善的答案。然而，有相当多的学生做阅读题，懒得独立分析思路、概括段意和文章中心，只等着对老师的答案加以接受或否定。而一部分教师对此现象也往往迁就，自己直接报出答案。复习中，教师和学生都要重视表达的训练，多说，多写。前提是教师自己要学会判断答案的核心，层次。
(1)教师自己先做题，将自己的答案与参考答案进行比较，分析命题人答案的科学性与不足。不可完全依靠答案，或部分依靠答案。
(2)引导学生比较答案，推敲答案。
如14题：下面语句用了多种修辞手法，请结合其中一种，说说它的表达效果。(4分)
它就像是村里人共有的孩子，每一声对塘的呼唤，经风吹都能传到塘的耳朵里。水草轻摇，青蛙鸣叫，蜻蜓风舞，燕子贴水，波光荡漾，都是池塘的应答。
此题要求围绕句子所使用的修辞手法(比喻、拟人、排比等)的表达效果回答，在内容分析的基础上体会作者的情感。具体得分点是：修辞手法以及在文中的呈现1分;形式上的效果1分;内容上的效果1分;情感上的效果1分。
【答案比较】
(1)本句运用了拟人的修辞手法，将塘比作村里人共有的孩子，写出了塘的活力，形象生动地表达了作者对塘的喜爱，以及对已经消失的塘的无限思念之情。(4分)
(2)运用拟人的修辞(没有呈现文中的形式)，生动形象地写出了池塘热闹非凡的景象，写出了池塘鲜活、生机盎然的特点。(没有情感效果)(2分)
如15题：作者曾经说自己是“怀着痛苦的心情”来写池塘的。面对迟暮的池塘，作者有哪几方面的“痛苦”?(6分)
要点一：面对池塘的迟暮，作者感受到了生态的恶化的痛苦。
要点二：面对池塘的迟暮，作者感受到和池塘有关的田园牧歌式的快乐生活永远失去的痛苦。
要点三：面对池塘的迟暮，作者感受到了古典乡村之美永远逝去的痛苦。
特别说明：如有的学生将要点二、要点三合在一起回答，只能算一个得分点。
5、重视精读，抓好略读，促进泛读。
◎重视精读：扎扎实实教好精读的课文，引导学生深入文本，细读课文，掌握不同文体文本的特点和阅读技巧。
◎抓好略读：(1)要求学生每天至少看一篇精美的短文，做好读书笔记。读书笔记的内容可作弹性处理，主要包括：字词佳句摘抄、文章内容概括、列结构提纲、写评点赏析、质疑问难等。教师要不定时检查。(2)可选择略讲的课文或指定的课外文章，利用课堂时间就某些有价值的共性问题展开研讨，以便达成共识，把阅读引向深入。(3)可按照中考阅读题的五个考点命题让学生做，也可让学生根据考点自己命题，抽签答题。
◎促进泛读：
要求学生每天抽出一定时间读书看报，把读书看报当作兴趣培养，当作休息来看待，以增强自己的语感能力。教师可推荐一些名著、报纸、杂志，要求学生把自己感兴趣或有价值的材料进行摘抄或剪贴，并利用课前3分钟说话训练进行检查，有时还可利用早自习时间进行适当交流，促进泛读的稳定、持久，以积累丰富的知识。通过 “量的积累会达到质的飞跃”，
6、根据文体特点和考点，总结规律，指导方法。
在复习中，不要形成太多过于抽象的东西，要多通过具体鲜活的例子，通过一定的语境引导学生去感受，从而习得方法。
如要求学生读三遍以后才做题。三遍阅读应各有目标，整体感知，应该感知哪些内容?如圈点勾画，应该勾画哪些词语，哪些句子?如探究文章标题的含义，应该从哪几个方面去探究。
如散文阅读，重点体会作者的思想感情，欣赏文中人物、事件、景物的描写，品味精妙的语言以及如何体现形散神不散的特点。
我总结的方法是：寻形——拎线——体情——悟神——品句
(1)寻找文章的“形”(写了什么事、描绘了什么画面)，了解文章内容;
(2)拎出文章的“线”，理清文章脉络。
①以人为线;②以物为线;③以事为线;④以情为线;⑤以主题为线;⑥以时间为线;⑦以地点(游踪)变换为线。
(3)进入文中的“境”，体会作者的情。
(4)识别文章的“眼”，感悟文章的“神” 。(风雨—人生的风雨;对待风雨的态度);
(5)品味文章语言，感受表达美。
散文勾画：画面，主旨句，过渡句，作者议论抒情的句子。《萧萧池塘暮》形：过去和现在;过去又有春夏秋冬四个画面;现在一个画面。最后三段的关键词句。
歌曰：
阅读答题有歌诀
记说议、各有道，辨别文体很重要。
理思路、悟旨要，整体面貌先知晓。
审题干、定区域，问题在心文中找。
定要点、分层次，表述规范语言巧。
篇7：提升托福阅读速度建议
提升托福阅读速度建议
一、背单词
词汇量是基础，有个六千八千的词汇量，你才能看懂文章。
二、提升读的速度
1.鼠标到哪儿眼到哪儿心到哪儿
做英文阅读时由于需要脑眼合一，一边理解一边读下去，所以此两者容易产生分离，也就是产生脑子跟不上或走神的情况。所以想要提升阅读速度一方面要集中注意力，另一个就是协助性的让你的笔尖(鼠标)滑动在你阅读的那句话下面。
2.运用英文思考
用英文思考减少了你阅读和理解时中英文转换的耗时，也让你的思考更贴近美国人。怎么做呢?想一个中文句。然后，用英文想它，用中文说出来。做“翻转脚本”。扭转之前的固化习惯，把英语变成一种思想的语言。用英语编故事。培养看见周遭事物(尤其是具象性的)反应英文的能力。
3.避免出声读和返回
切记要默读，不要朗读(小声也不要)。发声的阅读是快速法的大忌。要在阅读时，使自己的视线应与读物成垂直线，并充分发挥视线的“余光”作用，扩大视幅范围，多看到一些文章内容，让他们进入你的阅读区块。专注于你的阅读内容，避免返回头重读。
4.看句子而不是单词
影响我们英文阅读速度的因素之一就是我们在看英文内容时习惯一字一词的读。但是事实上，在我们看中文的时候，我们已经可以省略很多词汇。我们在看中文的“我们”时并不是依照“我“”们”来看的，而是将之划作一个整体。读英文也是一样，应当训练自己读词汇、句子的能力，扩大你阅读时停顿以及理解的区块。
在练习阶段，可以找一个句子，反复的看，要求自己越看越快，直到速度令你满意为止，然后再换一个句子重复这个练习。
5.其他
平时让自己习惯查英英字典，有助于英文的理解和阅读速度的提升。
托福阅读：同义词改写题型
首先，“同义改写”会影响到“定位”的准确与速度。新托福阅读十类题型中的事实信息题、列举排除题、推理题以及填表题都涉及到了原文定位的问题。定位的准确与速度也是影响阅读分数的一个重要因素。定位的时候，首先确定大区间，也就是题干中给我们具体的指示“According to paragraph X“ ,”In paragraph X“ 定位具体的段落，或是根据“阅读文章行文顺序与行文顺序基本一致”的特点进行大区间的定位;下一步就是确定题干中的关键词。但是，回原文中定位的时候，有时并不一定可以找到一模一样的“关键词”，因为托福阅读在定位时往往会设置一个同义改写。比如例一这道事实信息题，我们首先定位到了第三段，然后寻找题干中的关键词是“Whig Party’s view of the role of government?(Whig 政党关于政府职能的观点)”，但是定位时，你会发现原文中所对应的出处是”The government’s responsibility was to....。.(政府的职责是..。.)" 也就是说你不能期待定位时一定会从原文中找到一模一样的“关键词”，这个定位过程中很有可能出现同义改写的状况。
其次，定位完成后，选项部分可能又会进行一个同义改写。比如例一原文中的“to provide a well-regulated economy that guaranteed opportunity for citizens of ability”所对应的正确选项换了个说法，被改写成了“To maintain an economy that allowed all capable citizens to benefit”。所以在选择选项的时候，你也不能期待选项一定是原文中一模一样的表达。
同义改写的设置不仅仅是在托福阅读中，听力中也涉及到了同样的问题，也就是说正确的选项并不一定是你所到的原词原句，基本上都会设置同义改写来确定你是否真的听懂了。例二的同义改写现象请同学们自己做出分析。
例一：According to paragraph 3,which of the following describes the Whig Party’s view of the role of government?
A.To regulate the continuing conflict
B.To restrict the changes brought about by the market
C.To maintain an economy that allowed all capable citizens to benefit
D.To reduce the emphasis on economic development
Paragraph 3 : Whigs,on the other hand,were more comfortable with the market.For them,commerce and economic development agents of civilization.Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on the other.Economic growth would benefit everyone by raising national income and expanding opportunity.The government’s responsibility was to provide a well-regulated economy that guaranteed opportunity for citizens of ability。
例二：According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which of the following consequences for soil?
A.Increased stony content
B.Reduced water absorption
C.Increased numbers of spaces in the soil
D.Reduced water runoff
Paragraph 3: Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established。
托福阅读备考重点
第一点，词汇基础要扎实。新托福阅读有一个很大的特色就是有专门考察单词的题型，也就是词汇题。从文章中抽出一个单词，给四个选项，让考生选择与这个单词词义最接近最符合的。这些词汇是没有一个大纲让考生去背的，只有靠考生平时自己大量的词汇积累，尤其是一些学术学科的词汇。例如关于宇宙内容的几大行星的名字，形成恒星的物质是什么，地球内部构造的词汇等等。而且词汇题所占的比例还非常之高，一篇阅读文章13道题目中可能有3-5题是词汇题。所以如果决定了要参加IBT考试，就一定要大量地去背单词，按话题或按学科背都要比从A背到Z要有效的多。
第二点，基本语法知识要了解。新托福阅读考试是一项比较全面的考察学生英语能力的内容，所以从词汇开始，一直到句子已经篇章都有对应的考题类型去考察。但是要理解句子的含义，光是词汇认识也不一定能完全搞清楚，有的时候需要通过语法知识去分析。这种语法在很多题型中有所体现。例如指代题，要分析代词所指的先行词是哪个，有时就要通过句子主谓宾成分的分析才能找到。
第三点，逻辑关系词要牢记在心。英语句子的理解很多时候是要去理解其逻辑关系的，常见的逻辑关系有并列(and, as well)，比较(than, as….as)，因果(because, so, therefore, thus, result from)，递进(also, furthermore)，转折(but, however, yet)等等。句子内有这些逻辑关系，句子和句子之间也有这些逻辑关系，这样才能理清整篇文章的脉络，去完成例如句子简化，插入句子这类题型。
第四点，快速阅读能力要加强。新托福阅读考试每篇的时间是规定为20分钟，除了看长篇的文章外，还有11或13道题目的内容，所以时间是非常紧张的，因此在阅读的时候速度就很关键。考生要改掉一些阅读的坏习惯，例如逐字阅读，出声阅读，或者指着阅读等，这样的习惯只会拖慢阅读的速度。所以快速阅读能力在考试中是非常重要的，读的时候要以意群来看。
第五点，注重归纳的能力培养。新托福阅读的最后一大题都是以全文意思的归纳为基础才能完成的，尤其是summary，考察的就是考生对文章的整体把握。因此考生在平时练习的时候一定要注意对文章段落的归纳，能够在较短的时间内把文章段落的中心大意读出来，然后进行总结，最后选择出最能代表文章中心含义的内容。如果能在平时就注重归纳能力的培养，那么考试的时候就不用害怕summary这种归纳概括性的题型了。
托福阅读
篇8：托福阅读怎么复习最有效
托福阅读的5种复习方法
第1点:托福词汇基础要扎实。托福阅读有一个很大的特色就是有专门考察单词的题型，也就是托福阅读词汇题。从文章中抽出一个单词，让考生选择与这个单词词义最接近最符合的。这些词汇是没有一个大纲让考生去背的，只有靠考生平时自己大量的托福阅读词汇积累，尤其是一些学术学科的词汇。
第2点: 托福阅读试题基本语法知识要了解。托福阅读考试是一项比较全面的考察学生英语能力的内容，所以从词汇开始，一直到句子已经 篇章都有对应的考题类型去考察。但是要理解句子的含义，光是词汇认识也不一定能完全搞清楚，有的时候需要通过语法知识去分析。这种语法在很多题型中有所体现。
第3点:逻辑关系词要牢记在心。托福阅读试题英语句子的理解很多时候是要去理解其逻辑关系的，常见的逻辑关系有并列(and, as well)，比较(than, as….as)，因果(because, so, therefore, thus, result from)，递进(also, furthermore)，转折(but, however, yet)等等。
第4点:快速阅读能力要加强。托福阅读考试每篇的时间是规定为20分钟，除了看托福阅读文章长篇的文章外，还有11或13道题目的内容，所以时间是非常紧张的，因此在托福阅读的时候速度就很关键。考生要改掉一些阅读的坏习惯，例如逐字阅读，出声阅读，或者指着阅读等，这样的习惯只会拖慢阅读的速度。所以快速托福阅读能力在考试中是非常重要的，读的时候要以意群来看。
第5点:注重归纳的能力培养。托福阅读最后一大题都是以全文意思的归纳为基础才能完成的，尤其是summary，考察的就是考生对文章的整体把握。因此考生在平时练习的时候一定要注意对文章段落的归纳，能够在较短的时间内把文章段落的中心大意读出来，然后进行总结，最后选择出最能代表文章中心含义的内容。
托福阅读一开始怎么复习
托福阅读备考中如何把握时间
托福阅读总共的考试时间为1个小时，如遇到加试(一般加试1到2篇阅读)则考试时间延长至80-100分钟。也就是说，不论是否遇到加试，每篇阅读的时间最多只能用20分钟，如果超时，肯定会影响你做后面的阅读题。所以，总体的时间一定要把握好。
那么具体到做题中，应该如何把握每道题目的用时呢?每篇阅读20分钟，按14道题目来算，平均分到每道题目的时间为1分40秒左右。但是由于阅读题目难度不同，所以具体分到每道题目的时间也应该有所差异。我们先来说说阅读的几个题型，每篇阅读中一般会有4道词汇题，1道多选题，其他都是单选题目。词汇题相对来说比较简单，只要熟悉单词释义，做题很快;单选题目相对来说稍微难一些;多选题是所有题目中难度最高的。所以建议各类题目用时为：词汇题30s-60s，单选题60s-90s，多选题120秒。按照这样的时间来做题，每篇阅读20分钟的时间是足够的，如果在确保正确率的基础上用时也不超过这个区间，托福阅读的高分就有保证了。
阅读的考试时间是总体计时，也就说一个小时内完成3篇阅读，中途可以返回修改之前的题目。所以考试过程中也可以根据每一篇阅读的难度把握具体的做题时间。据考生们反应，一般情况下托福阅读前两篇难度更高，第三篇难度稍微低一些，所以前两篇可以稍微延长做题时间。
托福阅读备考：托福阅读速度如何提升?
一. 阅读文章读不懂，如何提升阅读速度
托福阅读文章还是有一定难度的，很多同学初次接触托福都觉得托福文章读不懂或者需要花费很久才能弄懂意思。那么读不懂文章如何提升阅读速度呢?从根本上讲，阅读读不懂是因为词汇量和语法基础太差。所以建议先背托福词汇，看一遍基础语法知识。词汇是阅读的根基，没有词汇量做基础，阅读速度是不可能有很大提升的。托福阅读要求大家有很快的阅读速度，如果一篇阅读中生词太多，就算快速读完也不知道文章的意思。除了背单词之外，还要掌握基本的语法知识，英语句子结构与中文很不相同，掌握语法知识有助于大家理解文章中的长难句。所以总的来说，文章读不懂要先将基本功练扎实。
二. 题目做太慢，如何提升做题速度
有的同学表示，阅读文章能读懂，但就是题目做的太慢，所以做阅读总是超时。题目做的慢，其实是因为缺乏做题技巧，不能快速在原文中定位题目位置。阅读打好基础以后，要学习一些做题的技巧，比如小结题应该通读文章段落找答案，推理题要根据文章意思推理得出，词汇题要将选项带入原句看是否通顺……做题技巧是提升阅读做题速度的高效方法。托福阅读题目是按顺序出题，基本上按照文章的文章结构对应题目，大家在做题的时候要快速定位题目位置，结合上下文快速选出答案。托福阅读题目中很多选项似是而非非常具有迷惑性，一定要提高辨别能力，选择最佳选项。
三. 课外练习很重要
托福阅读速度考验大家的英语基本功，提升阅读速度也需要大家在利用空暇时间多练习。多刷题是有帮助的，除了刷题之外，大家还要多去阅读英文报刊杂志。很多同学看到一篇冗长的托福阅读时，心里的压力感倍增，感觉似乎“不可能完成”。大家平时在课余时间多读英文报刊杂志，就会习惯英语的长篇文章，能减少心理上的压力感，也能提升自己的阅读速度。而且大家在阅读英文报刊杂志的过程中还能积累生词，扩充知识面，可谓一举多得，何乐而不为。
篇9：托福听力备考复习3条小建议
托福听力备考复习3条实用小建议分享
听不懂一定要看原文
练习过程中对于文章或段子听不懂是否应该硬听，直到听懂为止呢?否，千万不要这样做，听3到5遍之后，若发现听不懂应马上看原文才是!但看过原文之后应反复听，直到听到关键词都能够大脑条件反射，既不用想也知道!记住!对于听力而言，反复听已听懂的要比听听不懂的重要的多!同时效果也好很多!因为当你听不懂而去翻原文时很少是应为单词不认识耳听不懂，大多是熟词但出现场合改变而已!
建议每个考生把所有的听力音频反复听上十遍
在考试前一定要把所有的听力过一遍，可能要花两天时间。你可以一边做事一边听，要求是你一听到小段子，你就知道答案是什么，是考事件，还是时间，或人物!这段子的重点是想考你什么!同时培养耳朵和大脑的条件反射!这样会使你在考试时，还没紧张答案已经出来了!很有好处!
要学会带着问题去听，无论是小段子还是文章都可以这样去做
这样做会使你听力一听完，答案就出来了!而且不必要的更本可以不听!特别是长文章更是如此!先看文章的题目，再看答案，把文章的内容和重点先有所了解，而且要有对答案，文章的问题提法有所猜测，把自己的猜测和实际听力去对比，你会发现听力讲的事你有所了解的事情，而且有过思考的事，这样化被动为主动，是很有帮助的!要能够使自己的猜测准确需要平时的多听，多练，多想!除了练没有别的任何方法!
托福听力：如何练习长段子精听
阶段：听抄至少3篇。一句一句地听，把句子完整地写下来。不会拼写的写下大致的拼法就行。一句话多放音不超过三遍，即使没有写下来，也不要再回头去听。
第二阶段：听大意至少五篇。以两至三句句子为一个单位，一个单位一听。然后写下这两、三句话的大意。不需要再像阶段一样写下每个单词。
这个阶段练习的是概括能力。托福长段子的长度决定了它的题目数量，一般来说4~5题配上这点长度(200个词左右)，每2~3句话必出一道题才能出够题目数量。
第三阶段：听全文至少5篇。听好之后总结下文章的key point。然后看自己听到的与问题所涉及到的句子是否一致。一致就说明你听到点子上了。那么其他的话就算有没听懂的也无所谓了。
这个阶段练习你对主旨题的把握，以及对重要句子的敏感度。
说明：
1、这个过程是循序渐进的，而且每个阶段的重点不同。所以不要跳掉任何一个阶段或者颠倒阶段次序。
2、每个阶段5篇是个基数，大家觉得不够可以酌情增加。
3、合理安排、认真练习的话，两周就可以把段子题的错误控制在两个左右。
在托福备考的过程中，托福听力的备考理解一些长段子的内容往往被一些英语基础较为薄弱的学生所重视。而然，在这其中，我们又要找到重点的一些环节。
托福听力：获取听力高分的技巧
1.体现美国人思维方式的题型。
美国人的思维方式有别于中国人的思维方式。他们总是直截了当，不拐弯抹角，这种思维方式也深刻地影响了托福听力理解。因此解题过程中，对这种思维方式的重视是不可或缺的。思维方式对托福做题将产生怎样的影响呢?Michael举三个例子，你就明白了。
个例子
A: Since I didn’t even begin my project, I might not go to class today.
B: Are you kidding, that will only put you further behind.
第二个例子
A: I’m still waiting for the clerk to come back and make some copies to this paper for me.
B: Why bother him, I’ll show you how easy it is to work the machine.
第三个例子：
A: I don’t know if I should take the early or late bus.
B: Does it matter. You don’t need to be back until midnight.
由这三个例题中，可以看出美国人的思维方式，他们表达观点总是非常直接。直截了当的表达方式使得他们说出来的前面的东西显得非常重要。事实上，很多时候，你抓住前面的东西往往就能把这一题解出来。
2.建议题型。
建议作为一类题型提出是有道理的，在日常生活中和托福听力中的地位亦不容轻视。因为一般来说，只要有建议就是考点。这在新题当中显得尤为重要。当新题变得越来越长，考生越来越无所适从，不知道该抓哪一部分时，建议出现了，迷茫之中的考生就如同看见了灯塔一样。
表达建议的方式多种多样，同学要对所有这类表达法熟悉起来。看一看下面的建议表达法你是否熟悉：
Is there anything wrong with right now?
Would four o’clock be all right?
Wouldn’t it be easier if we just took a taxi?
Will Friday do?
What if we collect some shells after lunch
How about the whole week?
3.暗示题和推论题。
这类题的问题永远是what does the man/woman imply? What can be inferred from the conversation?这种题型在新题当中出现很多，而且有越来越多的趋势，托福考试改革之后，一开始是六七题，后来到八九题，再后来就变成了十五题，几乎占到一半。
这类题往往是难度较大的题，我们的考生出问题主要也是在这些题里。这些题的难度大，我们可能无法化解这些题的难题，但是这些题做题有一个办法，而这种办法的命中率还是相当的高。
Part A当中的一个办法是听见什么不选什么，这个技巧在这个题型当中，可以得到充分的运用。事实上，这个技巧在这种题型中可以得到登峰造极的体现。为什么?道理很简单，因为是暗示题是推论题，因此他的意思不是说出来的，是暗示出来的，是推论出来的。因此有原词的选项就必然不是正确的选项。事实上，这个办法对实力不太过硬的同学来讲，在每一套题中都可以得到运用，而且有相当的准确率。
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