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托福阅读备考之句子插入题答题技巧

时间：2023-03-25 07:39:49 优美句子收藏本文下载本文

托福阅读备考之句子插入题答题技巧（共5篇）由网友“violet”投稿提供，以下是小编帮大家整理后的托福阅读备考之句子插入题答题技巧，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。

托福阅读备考之句子插入题答题技巧

篇1：托福阅读备考之句子插入题答题技巧

托福阅读备考之句子插入题答题技巧

句子插入问题

很多学生会花很长时间在这个话题上，或者花太多时间。主要原因是每个人都没有想出这个主题背后的核心测试点。如果每个人都关注的是使用这句话的意思来判断应该出现在原始段落中的正确位置，那么将会有一半的情况。接下来，让我们讨论解决此类问题的重要思想。

在分析解决问题的思想之前，首先要明确的是，本课题着重于学生对句子与句子之间逻辑关系的掌握和判断。所以这提醒我们的同学，除了注意这句话的意思之外，我们还试图判断这句话与其前后句子之间的逻辑关系，以帮助每个人确定正确的位置。然后，在我们的句子插入问题中，将在测试中测试什么逻辑关系，这里是对其中一个的简单分析。

参考逻辑

在我们的插入问题中，我们经常会遇到这种类型的句子。在句子的前半部分，将出现代词+名词结构。这意味着在前一句中提到代词后面的名词。而且，我们所能做的就是回到最初的段落来找到该术语中出现的句子。但是，这里需要强调的是，在原始段落中很难找到术语本身，因为一般来说，插入句子中代词之后的名词不会复制原始词，但会使用更一般性。名词或同义词，所以我们在原始文本中寻找的是名词的特定内容。找到包含这样一个词汇表的句子，那么你最初可以假设我们的插入应该放在它之后。

我们可以看一下典型参考逻辑的以下示例。

The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world.

Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. By following the fossils. Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere.It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna.

根据我们前面的分析我们在这句插入句中找到了两个代词后的名词，这意味着在这句话前面已经提到过了一些地质学家的发现，而且我们需要注意的是这两个名词都是复数。所以我们需要去寻找原文段落中哪里出现了至少两个地质学家的发现，于是我们找到了如下的位置。

Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent.By following the fossils. Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence.About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris.Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere.It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna.

所以我们可以判断这个句子最初应该放在红色句子之后，这是第三个黑盒子的位置。这时我们需要做最后的检查。那么我们如何在将句子插入问题的过程中对其进行测试呢?

当插入句子放在黑盒子位置时，我们可以注意插入句子和后面句子之间的含义和逻辑是否也是真的。我们的感叹句的意思是这些地质学家的发现激励了世界各地的人们检查当地的化石和岩石记录。我们的第三个黑匣子背后的句子是人们很快发现，这种动物进化论不仅建立在英国和法国(前面提到过)，而且几乎遍布世界各地。因此我们可以发现，在我们的句子中提到的测试当地化石岩石的各个地方的人是最终结论的前提条件，也就是说，插入句必须出现在短语的前面，以便我们可以确定我们的题。您应该选择将其放在第三个黑框中。

通过这个典型的简单难度问题，我们对句子插入问题的测试点和解决问题的想法有所了解，因此我们会发现有时我们不需要完全理解每个单词，如果我们可以捕获如果使用关键字判断它与前一句之间的逻辑关系，然后我们也可以知道它的位置。

托福阅读备考技巧，学霸都在用

1.在做问题并仔细阅读文章时，从相关人员的角度更多地考虑文章，以便您可以预测陷阱并尽快找出错误的选项。

例如(包括但不限于):( 1)当发生分类时，有必要区分两种类型的特征。常见的容易出错的地方是混淆两者。 (2)选项打破章节，主题被盗。 (3)长句通常用作考点。如果前一篇文章中没有问题，则出现在最终摘要选项中的可能性非常高。对于段落也是如此，这些段落不是之前未编写的段落或段落的一部分。最后，选项将被设置，而不是错过。

2.由于托福文章是摘录，因此偶尔会出现逻

辑和信息上的跳跃。在这种情况下，请尝试记住它，或首先解决问题。不要花费大量时间强迫逻辑梳理。

3.生物主题文章肯定会有更多的学术概念，但原文通常会给出解释，试着用这些解释来记住(不能忽略并忽略括号中的解释);另外，很多生物名称也应该尝试记忆，不必翻译成中文，只是混淆它。

托福阅读备考之句间比较关系

句子间关系——比较关系

(涉及的问题类型包括：详细问题/修辞问题/推理问题/句子插入问题)

我想从修辞主题开始的句子之间的关系比较。考生可以使用30秒查看以下段落。

“Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.”

读过这篇文章的考生应该很熟悉，并且是官方指南中的第六名。这个问题问作者为什么要提到影子的这一部分。通过句子末尾的四个单词，候选人可以感觉到飞机的操作实际上与上述在海中的行为相同，并且可以判断最后两个句子之间的关系是类似的。因此，无论对比和类比如何，对修辞标题中的比较关系的检验都比较容易使用。

在推理问题中，比较关系是一个常见的推理理念。——“反向推理”的逻辑基础。在官方指南中关于“喜马拉雅山脉”和“喀里多尼亚”山脉的文章中，作者用比较的方法来证明山的高度和年龄之间的关系。不仅有时间的比较，还有两山之间的比较。这类问题通常是候选人犯错误的地方。因此，在以比较技术为主导的文章中，候选人必须注意梳理段落中的比较关系。在这些关系发生的地方，它们通常是提出问题的地方。

至于详细问题中比较关系的实施例，最典型的是官方指南中的“Applied arts and Fine arts”。整篇文章以对比的方式呈现。类似的文章包括关于黑尾鹿和白尾鹿的演习和太阳系主题的主题。这类文章在详细问题中倾向于整段，即答案是段落中心句子的摘要。这种调查角度对于候选人来说还是比较高的，不仅要从内容上，还要抓住条款之间的关系。比较关系出现在句子插入问题中的形式基本上类似于上面提到的形式，因为发生的频率不是那么高，这里不再重复。

托福阅读备考之句间例证关系

句间关系——例证关系

(涉及的问题类型包括：词汇问题/详细问题/修辞问题/推理问题/句子插入问题)

众所周知，一篇成熟的论证文章将有很好的例证来证明作者自己的观点。因此，说明性关系也是一个非常重要的句子间关系。这种关系的实施例始于词汇问题。官方指南中有一个词汇问题，问题的对象是“扭曲”这个词。我相信很多学生都知道这个词，我还是想让候选人从句子之间的关系角度重新思考。请看下面：

“支持性证据来自研究表明，侵略性的人经常歪曲别人的动机。例如，他们认为其他人在他们不这样做时会伤害他们。”

“扭曲”一词中的后一句是一个非常简单的例子。举例来说，我们发现这句话是“扭曲”的最简单的解释，因此这个词的意思是“误解”。在八大类主流问题中，最常用的例子关系是修辞目的。超过一半的修辞问题是基于写作意图的例子。

这些主题的未来趋势是尽量减少相关单词的出现，并用特定的句子表达来代替它们。如何通过句子的表达来判断问题的对象是否是一个例子?然后考虑一下这个例子的呈现特征。

例如，在一篇论文中，如果有冒险描述一个人或一个团队，或者他们正在做实验，那么就有特定的叙事元素，那么它们似乎证明了上述论点。官方指南中有典型的例子，“食草动物的饮食习惯”和“19世纪的美国政治”。在推理问题中，标题中的对象主要是“示例”，这意味着我们不仅需要阅读示例本身，还需要结合示例与前一个观点之间的关系。

最典型的例子是题为“生态系统的长期稳定性”的文章。通过前后句子的例证，我们可以推断出“红木林”的可能生长区。虽然推理问题中插图关系的比例不如修辞问题那么高，但为了在考场中绰绰有余，有必要进行相应的思维训练。插图关系在插入问题上更灵活。或者文章“生态系统的长期稳定性”，插入的句子不是一个例子，但第三个选项的后一个句子是一个典型的例子。如果你想放在第三个选项的位置，你必须与例子的理论一致，并且比例更加通用和简洁，所以它也等同于检查候选人对伪装中关系关系的理解。如果候选人能够掌握修辞标题中的插图关系，那么详细问题中的插图关系就会得到解决，所以我在此不再赘述。

最后，我还留下了一个让学生思考的问题，我们是否可以尝试从句子之间的关系角度理清常见段落的结构甚至段落之间的关系?

简而言之，整合了问题类型和句子关系之间的关系。问题类型是载体，它是语言点外化的方式;句子之间的关系是本质，是提高阅读能力的法宝。

5月26日托福阅读真题回忆及参考答案

.05.26

Passage 1

Topic 生物学

Isolation and Diversification in the Tropical Rainforest

Content Review （重复 .07.10）

热带雨林物种多，那里的植被超过 1000 种，欧洲有 40 种。由于大平原的动物要走很才能寻找到合适的生活地点，热带雨林的动物不能，他们被限制在有限的空间内，所热带雨林物种很多。热带雨林里的屏障阻碍动物们的扩散，描述了如何阻碍。树（canopy）是热带雨树中浓密的树叶和枝干各种交织形成的，动物们很难突破这canopy，只能在最高层的这层 canopy 之下活动，所以无法扩散到外界。所以限制在的植物们就多样化（diversify）。50-70 米是超级高的且喜阳光的树种们为了晒太阳浴拼命生长突破最高 canopy 形成的。因此有种 s 鸟就生活在这里，他们可以去任何地所以列举了三个州有这种鸟，而且种类较少，他们俯瞰着森林。紧接着讲 k 这种树，为突破 canopy 长得高，可以将种子散播更远，于是 south American 都有这种树。

Passage 2

Topic 考古学

The Theories of Megafauna Extinction

Content Review （重复 2018.08.26，.01.07）

讲的是某一时期哺乳动物大范围灭绝的原因：先说可能是由于气候变化,但是文章后面进行了否定，因为之前也有气候变化，但是也没有灭绝。然后猜测和人类捕杀有关，但澳洲等一些地方的考古证明一些灭绝的动物已经和人类和平共处了上千年，而且一些人类更爱捕杀的动物如 reindeer 反而没有灭绝。最后说人类活动间接导致了这些动物的灭绝。

Passage 3

Topic 生物学

Flightless Bird

Content Review （重复 .01.26, 2018.03.10）

岛屿上退化掉飞行能力的鸟。因为有些鸟住在比较温暖的地方，不用迁徙、食物充足也没什么捕食者（predator），所以翅膀逐渐退化，最早的 flightless birds 大概出现在恐龙灭绝之后，其特征有三：

一是有这些鸟吃素，为了能够消化植物，它们的某一个器官需要分泌（secrete）某种细菌（bacteria）来帮助消化，消化系统就会很重，从而阻碍了它们的飞行。而会飞的鸟很少吃植物，多以肉为食，它们尽可能要保证自己体重最小。

二是 Flightless birds 的蛋都很大，好处是吸收的营养多，容易生存下来，生出来的小鸟比较强壮也不容易被捕食者吃掉。举了 Kiwi 和 domesticated hen 两个例子，母鸡的飞行能力虽然也退化了，但还是能够飞起来一点点的，而 Kiwi 的蛋要比鸡蛋大很多，它在体内有蛋的时候无法像 hen 一样飞那么远。

三是 flightless birds 进化出了可以叼住食物的喙，很多动物进化出了手而鸟没有，但是有些鸟也进化出了类似于手的东西（claw）可以 capture preys。

Passage 4

Topic 历史学

The Rise of Florence

Content Review （重复 2016.07.16,2018.09.15）

第一段描写佛罗伦萨的崛起，虽然相比于意大利其他城市佛罗伦萨发展得较晚，但最终赶超了它的竞争对手(overtook its rivals)，原因是什么呢？

第二段从制造业的角度分析佛罗伦萨的崛起：中世纪原有的制造业依靠工匠大师们 (master craftsmen)在小作坊里共同劳作，成品交由商人(merchants)拿去买卖。这种传统的制造业模式在中世纪后期发生了两大变革：首先，出现了一种新型企业家(a new breed of entrepreneur)，他们同时掌控制造环节和销售环节——他们在欧洲各大城市成立自己的销售点，并且大量买进制造作坊，聘请管理者运营。而佛罗伦萨正好在这一变革中走在决定性的前列(took the decisive lead)。

第三段指出制造业的第二个变革是相关银行业的发展，佛罗伦萨仍然走在这一变革的前列。在佛罗伦萨出现了银行担保人(guarantors)、信贷和各种财务会计服务(financial and accounting services)，使得新型企业家能够顺利高效地进行制造生产和贸易销售。

第四段说到技术的进步也推动了佛罗伦萨的经济繁荣：造纸技术的出现、阿拉伯数字的采用、机械钟表的使用(mechanical clocks)和复式记账法(double-entry bookkeeping)的发明等，这些都提高了生产组织的效率，推动了经济繁荣

第五段讲佛罗伦萨高度发展的教育，培养出了大量的精通数字和银行业务的专业人员；此外，佛罗伦萨实行共和政体，全民参与政府事务，通过工匠联盟形成行会(guilds)管理制造业，所以没有形成大家族垄断经济的恶果。

Passage 5

Topic 生物学

Polar Bear

Content Review （重复 2017.11.04）

文章介绍了北极熊和它捕食的海豹（seals）北极熊是经过很长时间才进化成现在这个在极端天气下也能生存的样子。北极熊的生存一方面受限于需要很大的 ice land，一方面又需要很多很多的 seal。用了 black brown bear 和一种稍微小一点的 bear 来说明所有的 bear 都需要大量的肉类摄入来维持能量。北极熊只能捕大只动物的原因：植物不能提供足够的 energy，寻找植物的时候会消耗更多的能量。另外文章将 seal 和一种更大的 seal 进行比较，一只更大的 seal 能够抵得上三四只一般的 seal。

词汇题：

1. mundane=ordinary普通的

2. drastically=extremely非常

3. substantially=massively大量地

4. segregate=separate分离

5. facilitate=make easier使容易

6. estimate=calculate approximately估计

7. eventually=ultimately最终

8. proponent=supporter支持者

9. inevitably=unavoidably不可避免地

10. refined=improved改善

11. revert=back to回到...上

12. rival=competitor对手

13. prosperous=thriving繁荣的

14. speculate= puts forward as a possibility 假设

15. promote=encourage促进

16. swift=fast快速的

17. rigid=stiff僵硬的

18. inadvertently=unintentionally非故意地

19. gradually=slowly逐渐的

20. diverse=varied多样的

21. compensated=made up for补偿

22. refuge=protected庇护

23. critically=dangerously危急地

24. decisive=determining决定性的

25. apparent=seeming表面的

26. submerged=put under water淹没

27. occasionally=sometimes偶尔地

篇2：托福阅读备考之句子插入题技巧

托福阅读备考之句子插入题答题技巧

句子插入问题

参考逻辑

我们可以看一下典型参考逻辑的以下示例。

The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world.

Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent.By following the fossils. Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence.About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris.Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere.It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna.

当然，引用逻辑只是可以在句子插入问题中采用的几种逻辑关系之一。我希望我们将有机会继续了解有关此类主题的更多信息。

托福阅读影响速度的因素

影响托福阅读速度的6大恶习：

1、逐字阅读 ---应该采用意群阅读法。

2、回读 ----阅读讲究一气呵成，不要遇到生词，难点就又从头读。容易割裂句子之间的语义关系。

3、指读。用手，笔指着书一行行读。

4、出声阅读。

5、晃头读。

6、心译。

提高托福阅读速度的4大方法：

方法一：快速泛读(fastextensivereading)

这里讲的泛读是指广泛阅读大量涉及不同领域的文章，要求读得快，理解和掌握文中的主要内容就可以。要确定一个明确的阅读定额，定额要结合自己的实际，可多可少，例如每天读20页。

方法二：计时阅读(timedreading)

计时阅读每次进行5～10分钟即可，不宜太长。因为计时快速阅读，精力高度集中，时间一长，容易疲劳，精力分散反而乏味。

方法三：寻读(Scanning)

寻读又称查读，同略读一样，寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。

寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等，而对其它无关部分略去不读的快速阅读方法。

方法四：略读(skimming)

略读又称跳读(readingandskipping)或浏览(glancing)，是一种专门的，非常实用的快速阅读技能。

略读有下列几个特点：

A.以极快的速度阅读文章，寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。

B.可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。

C.理解水平可以稍低一些，但也不能太低。

另外，提醒大家，提高托福阅读速度的同时，考生还需要重视阅读段落中的开头句，结尾句和转折句。托福阅读中的段落都有严密的逻辑关系，读懂了这三个点，托福阅读段的大概意思就比较明确了。

托福阅读备考新手常见的4个问题答疑

1、托福阅读如何使用技巧?

参加托福考试的考试一般集中在高中生、大学生，词汇量在四五千左右，他们在接触托福阅读的时候会遇到很多生词，尤其是分门别类的学科词汇，分为地理、天文、生物学、动物学四大块，学员就会有很多的误解，到底应该掌握多少词汇才能做好托福阅读。其实只要确定好中心词汇和构架词汇的区别，对学科词汇只需要认知，对构架词汇需要熟知。在技巧中只需要通过分解句型，由于托福阅读特别长，每个都是长连句分析，把它按照逻辑分解之后，按照关键词，找到重点部分，最后找到简洁的出题主干，就很容易理解了。

2、读托福阅读文章应该使用哪种顺序方法?

读文章一般都是先看题目再读文章。看题目的话，托福和雅思的区别就在于要我们自己去定位，因为每个题目都是按照文章的顺序顺延下来的，只是在最后一个小结题目的时候需要翻开前面的文章，重点读每一段的首末句找到它。

3、托福阅读做题时有哪些常见误区?

大多数同学的问题都在于对句子的理解，尤其是复合句，考生无法理解整个句子，而是会按照个别的单次来分散，造成句子理解的中断。因此考生备考阅读时需要学会把句子分解，去看句子的构架，这样去找主干的话就会容易的多了。由于托福阅读中，一长段的内容实际上有效信息并不多，要从中找出有效信息就需要对句型有了解，只看独立的词就无法理解意思。

4、托福阅读词汇量过大学六级就能拿高分吗?

考生考过六级之后不一定能在托福上获得高分，六级和托福的考试还是有非常大的区别。六级的词汇量是考托福起码的一个基础。因为六级背诵的大多数是构架词汇，这些是需要熟练的。如果有六级词汇的基础，后续学习中基础提高也会比较快。

托福阅读快速提升技巧：速读和扫描

Skimming是只看主要大意的速读。一篇文章的大意是有重点的。比如，当出现first second的这种归类总结的地方，或because，as a result这样的因果关系，或是 but，however的语意转折处，都需要格外留心。托福文章讲述主要观点之后通常会有for example来佐证，如果看懂了主要观点，那么对示例所用的时间和精力就不需要太多了。Skimming的技巧在第一遍阅读文章意图抓住文章大意时是非常重要的。

托福的文章长度大多在300-400字之间。以平均每篇读10分钟计算，按照每分钟阅读150字的速度，一篇文章从头到尾通读，至少需2-3分钟。这可了解文章的大意，但不一定保证读得透彻。在第一遍通读的过程中，考生不要期望每个字都一定要理解，遇到不懂的字不必多逗留或苦思冥想可能的意思，这样会浪费时间的。只需一直往下看，用前面介绍到的skimming原则，掌握文章的主旨即可。这个过程中，文章的第一段，尤其是每段的第一句话往往起着提纲挈领或起承转合的作用，是阅读时要多留心的地方。

Scanning是“扫描”，但具体到阅读中，大家最熟悉的莫过于查词典时。在有意识地去查某个生词的时候，我们不会去把它所在的页上每一个字都看一遍才找到想要的。几乎眼睛对词典中的一页扫一下，脑中只有要找的字，看到它，其他的地方都像没有看到一样。在托福的阅读中，scanning的技巧在回答问题时，根据题干中问到的内容，在文章中scan，可以帮助考生准确地定位，找到答案。

托福阅读备考之句子插入题答题技巧

篇3：托福阅读句子插入题核心技巧解读

句子插入题解题核心就在于要把待插入句子放在方框内，使得它能和上下文衔接得当。如何做到上下文衔接得当?其一：句意。其二：逻辑。如果待插入句子中出现代词加名词短语，我们一定在原文中找到这个代词的指代;如果文中只有一处合适，答案就是那句话的后面;如果有两处以上符合，那么我们就观察一下这句话中有没有逻辑关系词，我们一定要确定这句话和上文逻辑关系正确。

托福阅读插入题实例介绍

Paragraph 6:■Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths andwater is forced in and over their gills. ■Accordingly, they have lost most ofthe muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills.■In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. ■They must also keep swimming to keepfrom sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, thegas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.

Look at the foursquares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to thepassage.

Consequently,tunas do not need to suck in water.

Where would the sentence best fit?

待插入句子中出现名词：tuna，我们不难发现，这段就是围绕tuna来写的，所以考虑逻辑关系词：consequently，表明上文提到了原因，下文应该是吞拿鱼不吸水的后果。我们在第二个方框后看到accordingly，这个词也是表示结果，后面说到“它们丢失了大部分用于吸水的肌肉”，所以这道题很好做了，逻辑简单，肯定是不吸水在先，然后才会丢失肌肉，所以答案是B。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species lying in Central Asia. They became an integral part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well. Holland, in particular, became famous for its cultivation of the flower.

A tenuous line marked the advance of the tulip to the New World, where it was unknown in the wild. The first Dutch colonies in North America had been established in New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in 1624, and one individual who settled in New Amsterdam (today's Manhattan section of New York City) in 1642 described the flowers that bravely colonized the settlers' gardens. They were the same flowers seen in Dutch still-life paintings of the time: crown imperials, roses, carnations, and of course tulips. They flourished in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn received a report of John Tateham's Great and Stately Palace, its garden full of tulips. By 1760, Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different kinds of mixed tulip roots. But the length of the journey between Europe and North America created many difficulties. Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his letter the following year grumbled that they were all dead.

Tulips arrived in Holland, Michigan, with a later wave of early nineteenth-century Dutch immigrants who quickly colonized the plains of Michigan. Together with many other Dutch settlements, such as the one at Pella, Iowa, they established a regular demand for European plants. The demand was bravely met by a new kind of tulip entrepreneur, the traveling salesperson. One Dutchman, Hendrick van der Schoot, spent six months in 1849 traveling through the United States taking orders for tulip bulbs. While tulip bulbs were traveling from Europe to the United States to satisfy the nostalgic longings of homesick English and Dutch settlers, North American plants were traveling in the opposite direction. In England, the enthusiasm for American plants was one reason why tulips dropped out of fashion in the gardens of the rich and famous.

1. Which of the following questions does the passage mainly answer?

(A) What is the difference between an Old World and a New World plant?

(B) Why are tulips grown in many different parts of the world?

(D) Where were the first Dutch colonies in North America located?

2. The word integral in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) interesting

(B) fundamental

(D) overlooked

3. The passage mentions that tulips were first found in which of the following regions?

(A) Central Asia

(B) Western Europe

(D) North America

4. The word flourished in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) were discovered

(B) were marketed

(D) thrived

5. The author mentions tulip growing in New Netherlands, Pennsylvania. and Michigan in order to

illustrate how

(A) imported tulips were considered more valuable than locally grown tulips

(B) tulips were commonly passed as gifts from one family to another

(D) attitudes toward tulips varied from one location to another

6. The word grumbled in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) denied

(B) warned

(D) explained

7. The passage mentions that one reason English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in their

gardens was that tulips

(A) were easy to grow

(B) had become readily available

(D) reminded them of home

8. The word they in line 20 refers to

(A) tulips

(B) plains

(D) plants

9. According to the passage , which of the following changes occurred in English gardens during

the European settlement of North America?

(A) They grew in size in order to provide enough plants to export to the New World.

(B) They contained a wider variety of tulips than ever before.

(D) They decreased in size on the estates of wealthy people.

10. The passage mentions which of the following as a problem associated with the importation of

tulips into North America?

(A) They were no longer fashionable by the time they arrived.

(B) They often failed to survive the journey.

(D) Settlers knew little about how to cultivate them.

PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB

托福阅读真题原题+题目

The smooth operation of an ant colony depends on ten to twenty different signals, most of which are pheromones (chemical signals triggering behavioral responses). It is estimated that red fire ants employ at least twelve different chemical signals. The simplest of these is the carbon dioxide from the respiration of an ant cluster, a chemical that acts as a pheromone to promote aggregation. Workers move toward a source of carbon dioxide, resulting in solitary ants moving to join a group. At the other extreme, the most complex of the fire ants' signals is probably colony odor, by which the workers of a particular colony or nest identify another worker as local or foreign. Each ant nest has its own odor as a result of its location, history, and local food supply. The resident ants pick up this odor on their bodies, so that ants of the same species, but from different nests, have different colony odors. This allows ants to identify intruders and maintain colony integrity.

Fire ants also make use of an alarm pheromone to alert workers to an emergency, and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone as a guide during mass migrations. A fire ant queen emits a chemical signal that identifies her to the colony's workers. They respond by scurrying to gather around her. The decomposing corpse of a dead ant also generates a signal, to which workers respond by eliminating the corpse from the nest.

Ants provide examples of both public (accessible to other species) and private messages. One of their most important private messages concerns food, for a food source is worth keeping secret. Each species marks its trails with signals that are meaningless to others, so that an ant crossing a trail left by another ant species typically notices nothing. On the other hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is unnecessary. Many kinds of ants perceive a natural decomposition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a corpse. If an outsider recognizes this message and moves the body, no harm is done.

1. What aspect of ants does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The relationship between the queen and the worker ants

(B) Ways in which ants use chemical signals

(D) The importance of respiration in the production of ant pheromones

2. The phrase smooth operation in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) daily activity

(B) effective functioning

(D) permanent location

3. According to the passage , carbon dioxide serves which of the following functions for fire ants?

(A) It protects the queen.

(B) It attracts other ant species.

(D) It encourages the ants to gather together.

4. The word cluster in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) organ

(B) activity

(D) cycle

5. According to the passage , each nest has a distinct odor that allows its inhabitants to

(A) find the location of the nest in the dark

(B) distinguish worker ants from other ants

(D) signal other inhabitants when foreign ants attack

6. The word alert in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) allow

(B) transport

(D) provide

7. What is the role of pheromones in the mass migrations of ants?

(A) Pheromones are used to create a trail that directs the ants during migrations.

(B) Pheromones signal the ants that the nest has been invaded and must be abandoned.

(D) Pheromones enable scouts to identify suitable areas for establishing a new nest.

8. The word scurrying in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) agreeing

(B) appearing

(D) rushing

9. The word others in line 21 refers to

(A) private messages

(B) species

(D) signals

10. Why does the author mention dead insects in line 23?

(A) To compare the social behaviors of ants with those of other insects

(B) To emphasize the dangers that all insects encounter

(D) To indicate a behavior that is common among various kinds of ants

11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) pheromones (line 2)

(B) colony integrity (lines 12)

(D) private messages (lines 18-19)

PASSAGE 86 BBDCC CADBD A

篇4：深入解析托福阅读句子插入题

深入解析托福阅读句子插入题

掌握衔接词对解答这类问题非常重要，因为它是理解上下文和这个句子的逻辑关系的核心。衔接词语主要包括代词(指示代词，例如this, these their, it, such, another ，这些通常是上文提到过的，所以可以采用就近原则来做。);关键同义词，重复出现的形容词，副词和名词;表示因果，转折等关系的过渡词语：如，therefore, so, however, as a result, consequently, on the contrary, however 等;递进扩展词：如，furthermore, also, as well, too, in addition, moreover, besides, even, additionally等;结构配对词：如，on the one hand…. on the other hand，some…others，同时还要注意一些表示顺序的词，如first ,second ,third等。

我们来具体来一个例子：1. But there is also another special kind of conversational flow among Southern women that contributed to their writing. 2. Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake.3. Sometimes humorous, sometimes sad; all were as bright as the figures in the fine needlepoint. 4.

Look at the four positions that indicate where the following sentences can be added to the …paragraph of the passage.

These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations.

Click on a position to add the sentence to the passage.

A: position 1 B: Position 2 C: Position 3 D: Position 4

接下来再来看看如何解答这道题。理解要插入的句子，These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, and narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations. 我们看这个句子是主、谓、宾结构，其中宾语为一些列的并列名词和短语。寻找衔接词，这个句子的衔接词为：These tales。分析这个句子和上下文的关系：位置1 不可能，因为它后面的句子是一个主题型句子，即，提出论点，而我们要插入的句子为一个小点，属于论据。然后看位置2，这里出现了和我们要加入句子一样的信息点Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake。显然句子放在位置2是不行的;位置3后面的句子是对其前面句子for their own sake的进一步解释。所以最后只能是位置4了。把这个句带入各个位置。检查每个位置，位置4是最恰当的。

句子插入题的一个本质和一个原则往往被大家忽略，导致失分很多。一个本质---插入句是一句“可有可无”的话。题的出题位置大家比较清楚，一般处于倒数第二题的位置，并且用来出题的段落是大家应该在前面的题目中已经见到过，而之前的题目和文章既然大家理解起来没有出现大的障碍，就说明插入进来的句子是一句可有可无的话。这就要从两个方面来理解了。

何为“可有”?既然插入句能放进原文中去，就说明它和原文是有一定关系的，所以叫“可有”，这也就意味着，插入句的部分含义是在原文中有所重复的。所以我们的重点是回到文中找那部分被重复的句意。例如：

█Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. █It liberated industry fromdependence on running water. █The engine eliminated water in the mines by drivingefficient pumps, which m-ade possible deeper and deeper mining. █The ready availability ofcoal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttimeillumination to be discovered in a mill-ennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps andflickering candles, a-nd early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed togaslit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while dependingon charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: b-last furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became themotive force of the Industrial Revolu-tion as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.

(官方真题Official6-Powering the Industrial Revolution)

Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence coul-d be added tothe passage.

The factories did not have to go to the streams when power could come to th-e factories.

Where would the sentence best fit?

在上题中，“liberated industry from dependence on running water”和 “The factories did not have to go to the streams”句意便发生了重合。所以我们可以确定，文中第二句话的前后应该是我们可以选择的范围。

何为“可无”?这个便是经常被大家忽略的地方。既然这句话，可以省略，那么这个插入句究竟要符合什么特点呢?还是以上题为例，我们发现 “liberated industry from dependence on running water”和 “The factories didnot have to go to the streams”句意发生了重合，那究竟应该把插入句放在第二个█还是第三个█呢?这时就需要分情况讨论了：

情况1：放在第二个█，也就是说我们认为插入句是和下文有关系，既然要符合“可无”这个本质，所以说插入句必须是对下文概括或者引出。

情况2：放在第三个█，也就是说我们认为插入句是和上文有关系，既然要符合“可无”这个本质，所以说插入句必须是对上文进一步解释。

综合以上两种情况，我们会发现，插入句要么总结引出下文，要么进一步解释上文。所以我们会发现，在插入题中，前一句的叙述范围应该总比后一句大。根据上述内容，也就引出了我们需要注意的一个非常重要的做题原则。

一个原则。在插入题中，句子的叙述顺序遵循从大到小，从抽象到具体的原则。找到重复的句意后，按照大小顺序安置插入句的位置。在上题中，“liberated industry from dependence on running water”的意思是解放了工厂对水流的依赖。 “The factories did not have to go to the streams”的意思是工厂不用去往河流的位置。显然前者说得更概括和抽象，后者更具体，所以按照从大到小的顺序，应该选择第二个█。

托福阅读：基本题型

要点：

an academic environment---越来越偏向于学术的讨论，越来越像IELTS的Academic类考试

reading---a variety of different subjects

passages---3 different categories based on author purpose:

1. Exposition

2. Argumentation

3. Historical

你需要了解general organization of the passage

.classification

.comparison/contrast

.cause/effect

.problem/solution

每篇阅读的平均字数是700，当然根据考试的实际情况，可多可少

iBT的阅读有10种题型，下面我们一种一种的来回顾：

经验：

第1、5种题型，占的分量最多，难度也不大，要保证一个也不错

第9种和第10种题目，难度最大，想取得高分，必须要多做综合练习

剩下的题型也很重要，想取得高分，一个都不能少

1. Factual Information Questions

这样的题目，一般来说mentioned only in part of the passage. 答题的信息就在段落的1，2句话中。

技巧：你不可能在第一遍阅读的时候，就找到正确答案，需要看题目以后，回头再找;排出那些本身就很矛盾的选项;千万不要因为你看这某个单词或者句子在段落中出现过，就选择那个选项，一定要回答问题。

2. Negative Factual Information Questions

做这样的题目，你首先需要对定位：locate the relevant info. in the passage

注意：这种问题你要选择的正确答案，是那个不正确的，问题里面会明确的指出：which one is NOT true

技巧：选项里面的答案，可能叙述了一段的意思，也可能叙述了好几段

正确的那个答案，要么是直接和文章的意思矛盾，要么是文章里面没有提到的。

3. Inference Questions

注意的字眼，是infer, imply, inferred

技巧: 正确的答案,必须是从文章已给内容推出的,特别注意

4. Rhetorical Purpose Questions

Rhetorical is the art of speaking or writing effectively.

他不关心作者说了什么,关心的是作者为什么要这样说

技巧: 注意字眼definintion, example, to illustrate, to explain, to contrast, to refute, to note, to criticize, function of

这样的题目尤其会侧重句子还有段落之间的逻辑联系

5. Vocabulary Questions

大家不要太在意这个单词在字典里面什么意思，最重要的是，这个单词在文章里面的意思：in the reading passage, only one of the meanings of a work is relevant

技巧：问题是问你单词在文章里面的意思，再次强调

6. Reference Questions

这样的问题，主要是问你代词指代的内容是什么[根据我观察的经验，代词指代的东西，一般来说就在你这个代词的前面，或者隔了1个短语，不会太远：...AAAAA, BBB, CCC, X.X.X...一般来说， X.X.X不是指代C就是指代B，不会跑太远。

技巧：代词， pronoun, 在选择以后，检查答案的时候，一定要注意一致性：the same number: singular or plural; case: first person, second person, third person

当你选择了答案以后，你的选择会不会违反语法原则，并且会不会有意义

7. Sentence Simplification Questions

并不是每一篇文章都有这样的题目，如果有，一篇文章最多只有1个

8. Insert Text Questions

不是每篇阅读都有这样的题目，如果有，一篇文章最多只有1个

技巧：从文章结构下手， structure; 从逻辑下手， logic

尤其注意逻辑的链接单词和语句，例子：on the other hand, for example, on the contrary, similiary, in contrast, further or furthermore, therefore, in other words, as a resule, finally一定要注意，你插入的语句，一定要承上启下，即对前面的语句负责，又对后面的语句负责。

新托福，总要有他新的地方，阅读方面，第9，第10种类型的题目，就是他新颖的地方，也是比较难的2种题目。

9. Prose Summary Questions

正确的答案， will synthesize major ideas in the passage

你将会碰到6选3的情况，最低得分0分，最高得分2分：选择0正确答案，或者1个正确答案，0分;选择2个正确答案，1分;选择3个所有的正确答案，2分。

做这种归纳的题目，最重要的是，你要通篇的阅读，不能偷懒。

根据我的经验，技巧有2点：1.区别例子和主旨，例子是用来说明主旨的，例子不是主旨; 2. 局限性的答案一定是错误的，主旨是让你找到major oint, 千万不要让minor给迷惑了。

10. Fill in a Table Questions

这种题目，就是题目给了你几个空，让你把正确的答案拖到相应的位置，需要通篇阅读，不简单。

关键是你要明白几种关系：cause-effect relationships, compare-contrast relationships, arguements, and the like.

也可以称作文章的组织关系,types of organization: compare/contrast, problem/solution, cause/effect, alternative arguements(such as theories, hypotheses), and the like

在真实考试的时候：drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. to view the passage, click on View Text.

知道这10个题目的类型，剩下的就是方法论，methodoly的问题，我们怎样针对这10种题型，在平时的学习和阅读当中，可以的训练自己：

主旨：最好的培养阅读的方法，就是多去阅读，而且要阅读各种不同题材的文章，科学的，社科类的，艺术的，商务的，等等。还有一点需要特别强调的，就是阅读的那些文章，需要是学术的文章，不能是乱七八糟的随笔。

托福阅读：重要的背景知识

一、印第安题材

1.白令海峡移民理论

2.印第安文化

3.印第安宗教观

4.印第安建筑业：大、先进。

5.印第安手工业：好。

6.社会组织结构：严密、分工细、凝聚力强。

7.农业先进：A. irrigation; B. maize, squash, bean, pea。

二、动植物题材(必考)

1.植物学题材(不多见)

a. 地衣、苔、真菌、蘑菇最常见。

b. 树冠上方生物。

c. 植物在生态平衡中的作用。

2.动物学题材(90%以上)

a. 考普通动物为多。最近常考鸟类、蚂蚁、动物智能与灭绝(联系天文学与冰河理论)。

b. 考动物进化(evolution)。

c. 考动物的分类(classification)。

phyla(单数phylum) —门 class—纲 order—目 family—科 genus—属 species—种 carnivore/predator—食肉动物 herbivore—食草动物 omnivore—杂食动物

d. 动物的生活习性最为多见。

群居(social animal)动物的习性

a) 蚂蚁：社会组织结构—等级制(caste)：交流方式—信息素—气味;生活来源;外来物种的有害性。

b) 蜜蜂：群居个性; “8”字舞;蜜蜂智能;防御;天敌—大黄蜂。

c) 大猩猩：智能：猩际关系

k) 迁徙 (migration )

野鸭、大雁：日照长短;辨别方向。

伪装 (camouflage)、花拟态(mimicry )

三、考古学(archaeology)题材

1.文化(cultural ) 考古学

形态(physical)考古学(多见)

2.化石(fossil )

j 化石构成。化石比原物更沉重 (矿物质环境)

k 化石形成原因。坚硬物质，迅速掩埋。

l 化石与动物的进化关系。

3.人的左右手

j 使用工具。证据：敲击的划痕;手柄的形状。

k 牙齿上的划痕。

l 大脑左右半球的大小差别;趾骨的粗细差别。

m 作画时人像的方向

4.古代陶瓷的考古。

Clay, model, wheel (转盘 )， glaze, kiln

5.古代文字的考古。

四、美国历史题材

1.美国发展线索

j 发现美洲阶段

哥伦布(意)，为黄金、茶叶、香料

West/East Indian

影响：世界观变化;国家形势变化;(爱尔兰——土豆饥荒 )

k 英国定居阶段(English settlement )

1607第一个定居点Captain John Smith影响清教徒

1620五月花号

l 殖民时期(colonial era )

m 独立战争(American Revolution )

n 新的国家(new nation)：南北不均衡

o 南北战争(Civil War )

p 战后重建。持续近1。

q 西进运动 (Westward movement )

r 工业化大增长

s world war I & II

End ：1960

2.“大熔炉”：地理位置;民族融合1960’s;文化融合。

3.邮政。j 快递;k 铁路邮政。

五、地理学题材

1.地理现象、土壤构成、降雪降雨。

2.冰川(glacier)、形成(foundation) à移动冰川(surge glacier )à危险

3.地球构成：地心构成

M计划、DSDP(deep sea drill project )计划、地震波探测à 超高温高压

地壳 (crust)

地幔(mantle ) upper mantle; lower mantle

地核 (core)

4.板块构成学说

converge 碰撞; spread 张裂

mantle plume 地粒、热点; a dive into b ; slide past each other

六、天文学题材

多考木星、太阳，近期多考彗星、小行星。

1.宇宙 (universe、cosmos) à 星系(galaxy )，星云(nebulae) à 恒星 (star、sun ) à 行星 (planet)à卫星 (satellite、moon )à 小行星(asteroid à 彗星(comet ) à陨星 (meteorite)

2.八大行星

Mercury —水星，Venus—金星，earth—地球， Mars—火星，Jupiter —木星，Saturn —土星，Uranus —天王星，Neptune — 海王星(第九大行星Pluto —-冥王星已被天文学界逐出行星之列)

3.物质粒子

molecule —分子，particle —粒子，proton—质子，electron —电子， neutron —中子，photon —光子，ion —离子

7.文学、艺术题材

1.文学

j 文学流派;k 作家、作品; l 文学体裁; m 作家生平。

2.艺术

j 流派，主考画派、雕塑

k 发展：19世界以前美国落后，之后改善原因：经济发达。

l 改善方法：向欧洲，尤其是英法学习。

m 艺术品向英法进口：当地没有; 生产技术水平落后。

托福阅读

篇5：深入解析托福阅读句子插入题

深入解析托福阅读句子插入题

句子插入题是托福阅读十大题型之一，从句子层面考察考生对句间逻辑关系、段落大意的理解和把握。这类题目是给出一句话让我们来判断这句话应加入一个段落中四个方块的哪个部分,用鼠标双击所选的黑色方块即可。做这类题目的关键首先是理解该句子，寻找其中的衔接词，分析这个句子的特点和其在文中的作用，然后把这个句子带入原文中检验其是否合适。

Look at the four positions that indicate where the following sentences can be added to the …paragraph of the passage.

These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations.

Click on a position to add the sentence to the passage.

A: position 1 B: Position 2 C: Position 3 D: Position 4

(官方真题Official6-Powering the Industrial Revolution)

Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence coul-d be added tothe passage.

The factories did not have to go to the streams when power could come to th-e factories.

Where would the sentence best fit?

情况1：放在第二个█，也就是说我们认为插入句是和下文有关系，既然要符合“可无”这个本质，所以说插入句必须是对下文概括或者引出。

情况2：放在第三个█，也就是说我们认为插入句是和上文有关系，既然要符合“可无”这个本质，所以说插入句必须是对上文进一步解释。

怎样Hold住托福阅读中的生词

在托福阅读中遇到生词，对理解无大碍者可一跃而过。只有难以推测的生词才借助词典。但过多依赖词典会打断托福阅读思路，影响速度及理解，这就需要学生会猜词。本文小编将告诉大家如何应对托福阅读生词。

可这不是说平时阅读一涉及到托福阅读生词便去猜测，如有条件使用词典，同学们还是应该将不会的生词一一查明，并加以记忆。只有这样才能扩充我们的词汇量，提高阅读理解能力。猜词可有多种方法，下面介绍几种常用且准确性高的方法，同样也适合在托福阅读考试中。

一、托福阅读利用上下文线索猜测词义

1、根据同义、反义关系猜词

Today' s teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their _______ grandparents.

A. freethinking B. traditional C. old D. happy

traditional与liberal意思相反，故选B。

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2、根据句意或段落文章的上、下文猜测词义

Klebold and Harris felt _______ and wanted to revenge against those who disliked playing

together with them or laughed at them.

A. discouraged B. ashamed C. tired D. separated

根据下文的disliked playing together with them判断此处应为“感到孤立”，故选D。

托福阅读真题训练1

The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting birds involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, their nests merely scrapes in the sand or earth. Plovers also have an effective repertoire of tricks for distracting potential nest predators from their exposed and defenseless eggs or chicks.

The ever-watchful plover can detect a possible threat at a considerable distance. When she does, the nesting bird moves inconspicuously off the nest to a spot well away from eggs or chicks. At this point she may use one of several ploys. One technique involves first moving quietly toward an approaching animal and then setting off noisily through the grass or brush in a low, crouching run away from the nest, while emitting rodent like squeaks. The effect mimics a scurrying mouse or vole, and the behavior rivets the attention of the type of predators that would also be interested in eggs and chicks.

Another deception begins with quiet movement to an exposed and visible location well away from the nest. Once there, the bird pretends to incubate a brood. When the predator approaches, the parent flees, leaving the false nest to be searched. The direction in which the plover escapes is such that if the predator chooses to follow, it will be led still further away from the true nest.

The plover's most famous stratagem is the broken-wing display, actually a continuum of injury-mimicking behaviors spanning the range from slight disability to near-complete helplessness. One or both wings are held in an abnormal position, suggesting injury. The bird appears to be attempting escape along an irregular route that indicates panic. In the most extreme version of the display, the bird flaps one wing in an apparent attempt to take to the air, flops over helplessly, struggles back to its feet, runs away a short distance, seemingly attempts once more to take off, flops over again as the useless wing fails to provide any lift, and so on. Few predators fail to pursue such obviously vulnerable prey. Needless to say, each short run between flight attempts is directed away from the nest.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The nest-building techniques of plovers

(B) How predators search for plovers

(D) Why plovers are vulnerable to predators

2. The word merely in fine 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) often

(B) only

(D) at first

3. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage about plovers?

(A) Their eggs and chicks are difficult to find.

(B) They are generally defenseless when away from their nests.

(D) Their nests are on the surface of the ground.

4. The word emitting in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(A) bringing

(B) attracting

(D) minimizing

5. In the deception technique described in paragraph 2, the plover tries to

(A) stay close to her nest

(B) attract the predator's attention

(D) frighten the approaching predator

6. The word spanning in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) covering

(B) selecting

(D) explaining

7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following aspects of the plover's behavior gives the

appearance that it is frightened?

(A) Abnormal body position

(B) Irregular escape route

(D) Unusual amount of time away from the nest

8. The word pursue in line 25 is closest in meaning to

(A) catch

(B) notice

(D) chase

9. According to the passage , a female plover utilizes all of the following deception techniques

EXCEPT

(A) appearing to be injured

(B) sounding like another animal

(D) pretending to sit on her eggs

10. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage ?

(A) A description of the sequence of steps involved in plovers nest building

(B) A generalization about plover behavior followed by specific examples

(D) A cause-and-effect analysis of the relationship between a prey and a predator

PASSAGE 63 CBDCB ABDCB

托福阅读真题训练2

PASSAGE 64

What unusual or unique biological trait led to the remarkable diversification and unchallenged success of the ants for ever 50 million years? The answer appears to be that they were the first group of predatory eusocial insects that both lived and foraged primarily in the soil and in rotting vegetation on the ground. Eusocial refers to a form of insect society characterized by specialization of tasks and cooperative care of the young; it is rare among insects. Richly organized colonies of the land made possible by eusociality enjoy several key advantages over solitary individuals.

Under most circumstances groups of workers are better able to forage for food and defend the nest, because they can switch from individual to group response and back again swiftly and according to need. When a food object or nest intruder is too large for one individual to handle, nestmates can be quickly assembled by alarm or recruitment signals. Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple-step tasks is accomplished in a series-parallel sequence. That is, individual ants can specialize in particular steps, moving from one object (such as a larva to be fed) to another (a second larva to be fed). They do not need to carry each task to completion from start to finish — for example, to check the larva first, then collect the food, then feed the larva. Hence, if each link in the chain has many workers in attendance, a series directed at any particular object is less likely to fail. Moreover, ants specializing in particular labor categories typically constitute a caste specialized by age or body form or both. There has been some documentation of the superiority in performance and net energetic yield of various castes for their modal tasks, although careful experimental studies are still relatively few.

What makes ants unusual in the company of eusocial insects is the fact that they are the only eusocial predators (predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals) occupying the soil and ground litter. The eusocial termites live in the same places as ants and also have wingless workers, but they feed almost exclusively on dead vegetation.

1. Which of the following questions does the passage primarily answer?

(A) How do individual ants adapt to specialized tasks?

(B) What are the differences between social and solitary insects?

(D) Why have ants been able to thrive for such a long time?

2. The word unique in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) inherited

(B) habitual

(D) natural

3. The word rotting in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) decaying

(B) collected

(D) cultivated