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托福阅读复习方法

时间：2022-04-30 01:39:18 其他范文收藏本文下载本文

“金盆洗手学学子”为你分享7篇“托福阅读复习方法”，经本站小编整理后发布，但愿对你的工作、学习、生活带来方便。

托福阅读复习方法

篇1：托福阅读复习方法

1.如果新托福阅读基础一般的同学，想要参加托福考试，最好提前3-4个月准备起来。

一本好的词汇书是必不可少的。其实背哪一本词汇书不是重点所在，重要的是能够持之以恒，每天对所背的词汇进行复习和总结。

因为你在做词汇题时如果能遇到你熟悉的词，可以节省你会到文章中去看上下文猜词的时间。虽然不能保证背到就一定能考到，但是单词可以帮助你更好的理解文章。

2.然后要从理解文章的结构开始理解托福阅读文章。

我们要明白，托福考试的阅读文章都是北美校园基础课程的文章，基本没有做过改动。所以文章的结构就是完全按照美式作文的五段法，我们的考生只要用这样的方式去分析每一篇文章，就会发现他们的结构是大同小异的。

3.积累背景知识对我们来说相当的重要.

因此我们在做新托福阅读的题目的同时，也应该在空余的时候多阅读课外读物，原版杂志。譬如，国家地理，自然，这不仅可以扩充我们的背景知识，同时也可以补充我们在词汇量上的不足。

4.在新托福阅读考试复习的最后阶段，做做模拟练习题是必不可少的。

如果有条件的话，最好做一下模考软件。因为这样可以模仿新托福机考的真实场景。

篇2：托福阅读材料

下面是托福阅读材料的集锦，希望对你们有帮助，谢谢。

托福阅读材料：全球气候变暖

Rice yields falling under global warming

全球气候变暖也与亚洲的一些主要大米出产国的耕地面积减少有关。

Global warming is cutting rice yields in many parts of Asia, according to research, with more declines to come.

Yields have fallen by 10-20% over the last 25 years in some locations.

The group of mainly US-based scientists studied records from 227 farms in six important rice-producing countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, India and China.

This is the latest in a line of studies to suggest that climate change will make it harder to feed the world's growing population by cutting yields.

In , other researchers found that rice yields in the Philippines were dropping by 10% for every 1C increase in night-time temperature.

That finding, like others, came from experiments on a research station.

The latest data, by contrast, comes from working, fully-irrigated farms that grow “green revolution” crops, and span the rice-growing lands of Asia from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu to the outskirts of Shanghai.

Describing the findings, which are published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), lead researcher Jarrod Welch said:

“We found that as the daily minimum temperature increases, or as nights get hotter, rice yields drop.”

The mechanism involved is not clear but may involve rice plants having to respire more during warm nights, so expending more energy, without being able to photosynthesise.

By contrast, higher temperatures during the day were related to higher yields; but the effect was less than the yield-reducing impact of warmer nights.

However, if temperatures continue to rise as computer models of climate project, Mr Welch says hotter days will eventually begin to bring yields down.

We see a benefit of [higher] daytime temperatures principally because we haven't seen a scenario where daytime temperatures cross over a threshold where they'd stop benefiting yields and start reducing them,“ he told BBC News.

”There have been some recent studies on US crops, in particular corn, that showed the drop-off after that threshold is substantial,“ said the University of California at San Diego researcher.

The assessment of climate impacts from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that although a modest temperature rise could increase crop yields in some regions, for ”temperature increases more than 3C, average impacts are stressful to all crops assessed and to all regions“.

A study published at the begining of last year concluded that half of the world's population could face a climate-induced food crisis by 2100, with the most extreme summers of the last century becoming routine towards the end of this century.

托福阅读材料：莫斯科烟雾死亡率

Death rate doubles in Moscow's smoke, heat

高温和森林大火带来的烟尘使俄罗斯首都莫斯科的居民饱受煎熬

Scorching heat and acrid smoke have nearly doubled death rates in Moscow, a city official said on Monday, as a shroud of smog from raging forest and peat fires beset Russia's capital for a third week.

Firefighters battled wildfires covering 1,740 square km (672 sq miles) -- bigger than the area of Greater London -- in what the state weather forecaster said was Russia's worst heat wave for a millennium.

”The average death rate in the city during normal times is between 360 and 380 people per day. Today, we are around 700,“ Andrei Seltsovsky, Moscow's health department chief, told a city government meeting.

Russia's worst drought in decades has spooked world grain markets, driving wheat prices up at the swiftest rate in more than 30 years and raising the specter of a food crisis.

Seltsovsky said heat stroke was the main cause of the recent increase in deaths. He said ambulance dispatches in Moscow were up by about a quarter to 10,000 a day and problems linked to heart disease, bronchial asthma and strokes had increased.

”This is no secret,“ Seltsovsky said. ”Everyone thinks we're making secrets out of it. It's 40 degrees (Celsius, or 104 Fahrenheit) on the street. Abroad, people drown like flies and no one asks questions.“

Moscow morgues and hospitals were overcrowded, funeral parlors were doing a brisk business in coffins, and a sign in one crematorium said it was fully booked and taking no new orders.

”Today we have 80 bodies. We store them anywhere we can because the refrigerators are full,“ an attendant at Hospital No. 62's morgue, designed to hold up to 35 corpses, told Reuters.

Until Monday, neither federal nor Moscow authorities had announced data on deaths from heat and pollution, giving rise to suspicion of a Soviet-style cover-up in the face of criticism of the government's handling of the wildfire crisis.

Officials say 52 people have been killed by fires that have ravaged forests and fields and destroyed a handful of villages since late July.

ECONOMIC IMPACT

Prime Minister Vladimir Putin last week announced a grain export ban from August 15 to December 31, sending prices higher and hurting shares of brewers such as Carlsberg and Heineken.

SovEcon, a leading agricultural analyst, said on Monday the government might extend the ban even longer, reducing -11 wheat exports to about 3 million tonnes instead of the earlier expected 10-11 million tonnes.

SovEcon also said Russia's wheat crop might be about one-third smaller than last year's, dropping to 43 million tonnes from 61.7 million tonnes in .

Russia's main sugar lobby warned on Monday that the drought may hamper this year's beet sugar output, reducing it from the earlier expected 4 million tonnes to 3.2-3.5 million tonnes.

The downgraded sugar beet forecast is not expect to change Russia's import needs as it has large domestic reserves. Almost all sugar produced in Russia is consumed domestically.

Kremlin critics have blamed Putin for what they call a sluggish and ineffective government response to the fires, but polls have so far shown no decline in his popularity.

Russia has begun to feel economic effects from the horrid weather conditions, which have prompted banks and businesses to reduce staffing and slowed activity in the service sector.

Alfa Bank, a Moscow investment bank, said it would not publish a daily research bulletin on Monday or Tuesday.

”Owing to severe weather in Moscow, there is only a limited presence at the bank,“ an Alfa official said in an e-mail.

According to the business daily Kommersant, investment bank Uralsib shortened its workday on Monday, and state-controlled behemoth Sberbank closed some of its back offices.

But many Muscovites did report for work, trudging to metro stations or driving on streets where visibility was far below normal and smog veiled buildings.

Many people wore facemasks to try to filter the smoke, but the masks were increasingly hard to find and some doctors raised concerns about an official whitewash of the real impact of the smoke in Moscow.

An unnamed doctor at a Moscow clinic wrote on his Internet site over the weekend that he was wary of diagnosing patients with heat- and smoke-related illnesses for fear of dismissal.

Another doctor at a major hospital, speaking on condition of anonymity, told Reuters on Sunday that senior management had instructed staff not to link patients' illnesses with the heat.

Moscow authorities said over the weekend that reception centers were operating city-wide as refuges from the heat. But Vitaly Bredikhin, deputy manager of one of the centers, said that about 90 percent of the facilities lacked air-conditioning.

At one of the shelters, in an old building near Pushkin Square in the center of the city, about 10 elderly people sat in a hot dining room with no air-conditioning or even a fan.

托福阅读材料：美国对狼的保护

Judge orders US to keep protecting 'endangered' wolves

A federal judge has ordered the US to put Rocky Mountain grey wolves back on a list of protected endangered species.

Encouraged by the recovery of the once nearly-extinct wolf, the US last year moved to allow wolf hunts in two states while protecting them in a third.

But a judge ruled the law did not permit the US to protect part of a species population while allowing hunting of the rest.

Despite the ruling, Idaho said it would seek federal approval for a wolf hunt.

The decision puts wolves in the states of Montana and Idaho back on the endangered species list following their removal last year.

Wyoming's wolves had remained protected because the US government was unsatisfied with the state's wolf protection plan.

In Montana, US District Judge Donald Molloy came down on the side of a coalition of conservation groups who had challenged the US Fish and Wildlife Service's move to take the grey wolf off the endangered species list in Montana and Idaho.

Among several arguments, the coalition said the law did not permit the Fish and Wildlife Service to ”partially delist“ protected species - protecting the wolf in one state but not others.

Significant protection

”The plain language of the Endangered Species Act does not allow the agency to divide a [population segment] into a smaller taxonomy,“ Judge Molloy wrote.

Grey wolves were once abundant in the US, but a government-sponsored hunting programme nearly eradicated them. The wolves were gone from Montana, Idaho, Wyoming and south-western Canada by the 1930s.

The US passed the Endangered Species Act in 1973 and the wolf was listed as endangered in 1974, affording it significant protection from hunters.

In the 1990s, the government reintroduced wild wolf populations into the northern Rocky Mountains, situated in the western US.

Powerful ranching interests in the states concerned have opposed protection of the wolves, saying they threaten livestock.

篇3：托福阅读

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A)A tool to assist in making complex decisions.

(B)A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions

(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making

2. The word ”essential“ in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) introductory

(B) changeable

(D) fundamental

3. The word ”pertinent“ in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) relevant

(B) preceding

(D) responsive

4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?

(A) Listing the consequences of each solution

(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution

(D) Writing down all possible solutions

5.According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that

(A) has the fewest variables to consider

(B) uses the most decision worksheets

(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people

6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of

(A) describing a process

(B) classifying types of worksheets

(D) explaining a theory

7. The author states that ”On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once

(lines 17-18) to explain that

(A) most decisions involve seven steps

(B) human mental capacity has limitations

(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice

8. The word “succinct ”in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) creative

(B) satisfactory

(D) concise

9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) Proponents (line 5)

(B) Optimal (line 5)

(D) Long-range goals (line 25)

10. The word “it” in line 24 refers to

(A) worksheet

(B) problem

(D) decision

11. The word “revise” in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) ask

(B) explain

(D) predict

篇4：托福阅读

ADADCABDBB C

托福阅读之心理学知识

1.认知

在托福听力中认知类文章首先会提出一种现象，然后分析这种现象产生的原因。一般情况下通过举例子等方法进行分析。例如，

TPO10 lecture 4关于儿童健忘症的两种解释。一种是儿童在3岁之前的阶段确实也形成了记忆，但是在我们长大的过程中就慢慢遗忘了;另一种是3岁以下的孩子缺乏记忆认知能力。

TPO15 lecture 1做事情时的精力分散和怎么集中精力做事情。首先讲的分散精力的一种遗忘;以电脑上敲字母为例子，后来又举分辨字母大小写的例子，讲到大脑区域的一部分V5与注意力的关系。

2.条件反射

一般情况下，这类文章会根据一个例子，然后提出假设，接着用实验验证假设，最后得出结论，考生可以分析文章的假设的观点，实验的方法以及结论，这三部分加深对文章的理解。

TPO14 lecture 1举了一个关于单词的例子解释了认识能力，记忆力和想象力，这些都是引导我们熟悉某事物并相信其存在的内在精神过程。每一个过程都有其局限性，可能会让我们产生错误的新年或做出错误的预测。

TPO2 lecture 1肌肉运动规律反应出我们的想法。约翰沃森认为喉部的运动是我们思想的符号。这是因为我们

解决问题的时候喉部肌肉运动增加。威廉詹姆斯认为人们都有自己意识不到的动作和活动，但是这些结论都是不确定的。

心理学高频词汇

psychology n. 心理学;心理状态

behaviorism n. 行为主义

muscular adj. 肌肉的;肌肉发达的;强健的

amnesia n. 健忘症，[内科] 记忆缺失

cognitive adj. 认知的，认识的

psychology n. 心理学;心理状态

infants n. 婴儿(infant的复数);婴幼儿

cognitive adj. 认知的，认识的

distraction n. 注意力分散;消遣;心烦意乱

心理学家从事基础研究的目的是描述、解释、预测和影响行为。应用心理学家还有第五个目的--提高人类生活的质量。这些目标构成了心理学事业的基础。

心理学符号的含义：符号在希腊语里是灵魂的意思，后来变成英文psyche。

托福阅读|心理学专业核心词汇及真题梳理

篇5：托福阅读VSSAT阅读

托福阅读 VS SAT阅读

托福阅读文章与SAT阅读文章的比较

托福阅读考文章内容

从本质上来讲，TOEFL是一门语言考试，主要考查母语不是英语的考生对于英语的认识和应用。从这个意义上讲，TOEFL的阅读部分只考我们文章看没看懂，而不考文章的逻辑关系。换句话说，就是只考文章的内容、而不考文章的结构和论证套路。

举个例子，如果是一篇讲海豚智慧的文章，考点无外乎是海豚的智慧高不高、海豚是否爱玩耍、哪个科学家发表了哪些关于海豚智慧的观点等有关内容题材的问题。由于只考文章的内容，我们可以发现，如果把托福阅读文章逐句翻译过来，就可以做题了。

SAT阅读考文章结构

从本质上来讲，SAT是美国的高考，是一门学术考试。SAT默认考生的母语就是英语，所以它不考我们文章的内容——它默认我们把文章的内容已经全部读懂了——它考查的是文章的结构。

什么是文章的结构?文章结构就是文章论证的套路和逻辑线索：如果一个观点被提出来，它是通过立论来建立观点还是通过反驳别的观点来简历驳论?如果一个例子被用来支持这个观点，这个例子是正向支持还是反向排除反对观点?如果又一个观点被用来反驳这个观点，它反驳的是这个观点的前提、推论过称、还是结论?这些问题，就是考查文章结构的问题。

还以上文中讲海豚智慧的文章为例，如果在SAT阅读中出现，考点会是有关论证套路等文章结构的方面，例如：围绕海豚的智慧这个话题，作者一共提到哪几点观点，作者赞同的是哪个观点?作者用的反驳方式是什么?作者为什么提到与他持不同见解的那些科学家?引号表达了作者的强调还是反语?

托福阅读题目与SAT阅读题目的比较

托福阅读题目的选项比原文简单

这样的设计很科学：TOEFL阅读考的是文章的内容，所以不会在选项上设置障碍，否则文章内容看懂了也会错。所以，TOEFL阅读题目的选项要比原文要简单，是在用谁都能看懂的选项来解释考查的文章内容。而由于选项要比文章简单，所以只要文章内容看懂了，就能够快速地做题了。

SAT阅读题目的选项比原文难

SAT阅读题目中的选项要比原文难得多。我们说过，SAT是一门学术考试，是一门类似GRE的、比托福难得多的考试。它不简单地考文章内容，而会考查从文章内容的这一句话中如何严密地推理，这就决定了SAT阅读题目的选项会比原文还要难读懂。一般来讲，如果没有经过强化班的训练，光是翻译五个选项就会严重超时。

而刚刚结束的12月6号的SAT考试，阅读部分比10月份的考试要难很多，难点正是体现在选项看不懂。

托福阅读：概括文章大意

这可谓是新托福阅读题型中最难的一种题了。而且分值一般为2分。答对3个得2分;答对2个得1分;答对一个或者全错得0分。

总体来说，错误的选项一般犯有如下三个错误：1.画蛇添足。涉及了原文根本没有的内容;

2.颠倒黑白。与原文意思完全相反;3.本末倒置。列出了一些过于细节的东西。比方说某处的某个小例子、某段N点小内容其中之一。错误的原因不过上述三种。需要对全文有很好的把握。对于边做题边读文章的考生可能更加难一些。需要好好斟酌一下。OG上明确提到了，正确的选项不会出现在某一句话当中。所以切忌断章取义。这种题更需要多加以练习。此处就不举例子解释了。

托福阅读题型最重要的是找到阅读段的主题句，分析出出题者的意图，然后根据文章关键词进行答题。考生在做托福阅读题的时候需要重视开头段，结尾段和过渡段，在这三个地方，一般会包含着托福阅读段的真实题义。

托福阅读如何科学备考

关于阅读方法本文只是对在有限时间内有效阅读托福文章的方法进行一个简单的介绍。阅读技巧，特别是速度技巧中，有两个重要的方法：Skimming&Scanning。

Skimming是只看主要大意的速读。一篇文章的大意是有重点的。比如，当出现first second的这种归类总结的地方，或because，as a result这样的因果关系，或是 but，however的语意转折处，都需要格外留心。托福文章讲述主要观点之后通常会有for example来佐证，如果看懂了主要观点，那么对示例所用的时间和精力就不需要太多了。Skimming的技巧在第一遍阅读文章意图抓住文章大意时是非常重要的。

Scanning是“扫描”，但具体到阅读中，大家最熟悉的莫过于查词典时。在有意识地去查某个生词的时候，我们不会去把它所在的页上每一个字都看一遍才找到想要的。几乎眼睛对词典中的一页扫一下，脑中只有要找的字，看到它，其他的地方都像没有看到一样。在托福阅读中，scanning的技巧在回答问题时，根据题干中问到的内容，在文章中scan，可以帮助考生准确地定位，找到答案。

托福阅读

篇6：托福阅读背景材料

托福阅读背景材料:距离土星第七远的土星卫星

Excitement Builds for the Possibility of Life on Enceladus

Scientists tackle the question of how to search for life on Saturn’s sixth-largest moon

By Annie Sneed on June 28,

Saturn's icy moon Enceladus is thought to host a liquid ocean beneath its frozen surface that could be hospitable to life. Credit: NASA

Saturn’s frozen moon Enceladus is a tantalizing world—many scientists are increasingly convinced it may be the best place in our solar system to search for life. NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, currently orbiting Saturn, has made intriguing observations of icy jets spewing from a suspected underground liquid ocean on the mysterious world that might be hospitable to alien life.

Cassini’s tour is due to wind down in , and scientists badly want to send a dedicated mission to Enceladus to look for signs of life. In fact, some have already started seriously thinking about exactly how they might do this—including planetary scientist Carolyn Porco, who is the imaging team leader for Cassini. Earlier this month, she gathered a group of researchers including oceanographers, organic chemists and astrobiologists at the University of California, Berkeley, to strategize how to search for extraterrestrials on Enceladus—which, according to Porco, “is a total bitch of a problem to solve.”

Although Enceladus is small in size and shrouded in a thick shell of ice, it appears to be a habitable world: It has a source of energy from friction created by its orbit around Saturn, organic compounds that are building blocks for life and a liquid water ocean underneath all that ice. But just because Enceladus may be hospitable to life does not mean life exists there; it will take much more work to definitively prove it. At the Berkeley meeting, scientists laid out the data Cassini has collected for Enceladus—they discussed analyses of its geysers, measurements of its ice shell, ideas on what its ocean chemistry might be like, and more. Yet even with all the newest data and models scientists have, they are not even close to detecting organisms on Enceladus—hence the need for a space mission.

Finding life there would be a profound revelation that we are not alone in the cosmos. Furthermore, the discovery of organisms—or the lack thereof—could answer the subtler mystery of how life started on Earth. Researchers at the meeting presented two major opposing theories about how life here originated (in the ocean versus on land), and the group discussed how exploring Enceladus would inform this debate. “It would be a test of one of the ideas about the origin of life,” Porco says—specifically, the proposition that Earth’s species sprang in the sea. For example, if organisms exist in Enceladus’s ocean and presumably arose there, it would support the theory that life began on Earth in hydrothermal vents (hot, nutrient-rich, deep-sea vents on the ocean floor) rather than in patches of water on land.

托福阅读背景材料：甲烷水合物

Gas Hydrate

Gas Hydrate又称甲烷水合物(Methane Hydrate)系水分子与甲烷于低温高压(0℃，26大气压或10℃，76大气压下)形成类似冰状物质，在常温常压下即分解成水与甲烷，Gas Hydrate在水深数百公尺的大陆边缘地区存在如太平洋海域之大陆边缘，大西洋的大陆斜坡，南极大陆周边海域，Kvenvoden 估计Gas Hydrate总储量为1 x 1016(m)3，如能够开采将成为重要之能源，因为甲烷为温室效应气体，故其与全球气候之变化将为海突候之变化将为海洋钻探研究之重点。Gas Hydrate之存在与海底之稳定性亦有密切之关系。

什么是甲烷水合物

「可燃烧的冰块」，这是许多人在介绍甲烷水合物时很喜欢引用的标题。在实验中人工合成的甲烷水合物就像一块不透明的冰块般纯白、洁净，在室温下一点火，它就自我燃烧起来(图一)。严格说来，甲烷水合物指的是甲烷气体分子在高压及低温的状态下，被呈笼状晶结架构的水分子所包合，而形成一种类似冰晶的化合物。这种气体分子和水分子的结合并不依靠化学的键结，纯粹是气体分子被包裹在水分子的笼状架构空隙中，与一般化学反应所产生的水合物性质并不相同。有的学者因而认为应称其为「甲烷气水包合物」(methane clathrate)，以别于一般以化学键方式结合的水合物。另外，大自然中与水分子结成笼状包合物的气体分子并不限于甲烷，乙烷、丙烷等烷氢类气体，甚至二氧化碳、氮气等常见气体，在适当的高压低温条件下，均会与水分子结合成气水包合物。事实上，这类气水包合物的英文名称为「gas hydrate」，直译应为「天然气水合物」或「瓦斯水合物」。由于自然界中的天然气水合物其气体成份以甲烷为主(超过90%)，因此一般人常把气水包合物称为「甲烷水合物」。本文随俗，用「甲烷水合物」代表学理上较严谨的「天然气气水包合物」一词。

托福阅读背景材料：纳米材料及其应用

About 纳米材料及其应用

纳米技术在生物工程上的应用

众所周知，分子是保持物质化学性质不变的最小单位。生物分子是很好的信息处理材料，每一个生物大分子本身就是一个微型处理器，分子在运动过程中以可预测方式进行状态变化，其原理类似于计算机的逻辑开关，利用该特性并结合纳米技术，可以此来设计量子计算机。美国南加州大学的Adelman博士等应用基于DNA分子计算技术的生物实验方法，有效地解决了目前计算机无法解决的问题—“哈密顿路径问题”，使人们对生物材料的信息处理功能和生物分子的计算技术有了进一步的认识。

虽然分子计算机目前只是处于理想阶段，但科学家已经考虑应用几种生物分子制造计算机的组件，其中细菌视紫红质最具前景。该生物材料具有特异的热、光、化学物理特性和很好的稳定性，并且，其奇特的光学循环特性可用于储存信息，从而起到代替当今计算机信息处理和信息存储的作用。在整个光循环过程中，细菌视紫红质经历几种不同的中间体过程，伴随相应的物质结构变化。Birge等研究了细菌视紫红质分子潜在的并行处理机制和用作三维存储器的潜能。通过调谐激光束，将信息并行地写入细菌视紫红质立方体，并从立方体中读取信息，并且细菌视紫红质的三维存储器可提供比二维光学存储器大得多的存储空间。

到目前为止，还没有出现商品化的分子计算机组件。科学家们认为：要想提高集成度，制造微型计算机，关键在于寻找具有开关功能的微型器件。美国锡拉丘兹大学已经利用细菌视紫红质蛋白质制作出了光导“与”门，利用发光门制成蛋白质存储器。此外，他们还利用细菌视紫红质蛋白质研制模拟人脑联想能力的中心网络和联想式存储装置。

纳米计算机的问世，将会使当今的信息时代发生质的飞跃。它将突破传统极限，使单位体积物质的储存和信息处理的能力提高上百万倍，从而实现电子学上的又一次革命。

有关纳米技术

华人科学家：美国纳米技术应用研究四大热点

正在美国从事纳米技术研究的华人青年科学家崔屹博士17日接受新华社记者采访时表示，美国纳米技术的应用研究目前正在半导体芯片、癌症诊断、光学新材料和生物分子追踪等四大热点领域快速发展，其中在芯片和癌症诊断领域的应用可望在内出现划时代的突破。

崔屹说，在癌症研究领域，利用纳米技术制成的传感器可望使各种癌症的早期诊断成为现实。目前，崔屹和他的同事已经在实验室环境下实现了对前列腺癌、直肠癌等多种癌症的早期诊断。纳米传感器灵敏度很高，在进行血液检测时，当传感器中预置的某种癌细胞抗体遇到相应的抗原时，传感器中的电流会发生变化，通过这种电流变化可以判断血液中癌细胞的种类和浓度。这一研究成果可望于近期发表在美国《科学》杂志上。崔屹指出，目前越来越多的风险投资正在涌入这一领域，但这一技术在实用中还有一些技术难题需要解决。他估计，今后可能会有多种纳米传感器集成在一起被置入人体，以用来早期检测各种疾病。

在半导体芯片领域，如何让芯片体积更小、速度更快是科学界一直研究的课题。目前用于芯片制造的光刻技术已经接近于发展极限，要想把更多的晶体管集成到一块芯片上已经越来越难。目前，美国纳米技术专家们试图把纳米级的半导体材料做成晶体管，从而可以让一块芯片上容纳更多的晶体管。这种芯片的运算速度可望比传统的硅芯片提高上千倍。这一研究方向在取得基础性研究突破后，目前在应用研究中越来越热。据崔屹估计，这一技术可望在10年后达到实用化。

此外，纳米技术在光学材料和生物分子追踪两个领域的应用也是研究热门。在光学材料研究领域，科学家们试图改变某些半导体材料的分子结构，用来生产特定的光学器件。比如，一些科学家试图让某种半导体材料内部具有纳米级的线状结构，这种材料用于显示器制造领域可以大大提高显示器的清晰度和颜色逼真度。而在生物分子追踪领域，科学家把某种纳米颗粒“粘”在生物分子上，然后利用纳米颗粒的发光特性研究生物分子的行踪。这对研究艾滋病病毒等在人体内的活动过程十分有益。

崔屹说，美国在纳米应用研究领域中享有资金和人才优势，一直走在世界前列，但距离纳米技术实用化仍有一段路要走。与美国相比，其他国家则主要处于纳米技术的基础研究阶段。

现年27岁的崔屹毕业于中国科技大学，后在哈佛大学获纳米应用专业博士，目前在加州大学伯克利分校从事研究工作。过去几年，崔屹在《自然》和《科学》等权威杂志上发表多篇研究论文，同时还是美国“米勒”杰出青年科学家奖和20美国材料研究学会金奖得主。

托福阅读背景材料：p53的抗癌作用

What is p53 ?

After the identification of the p53 protein and the subsequent cloning of p53 genes from several species, early observations suggested that p53 may function as an oncogene, because overexpression of p53 appeared to cause oncogenic transformation of cells. In the late 1980s, however, several critical discoveries defined the normal function of p53 to be anti-oncogenic. Wild-type p53 genes, when introduced into cells, were found to be growth suppressive. The screening of DNA from colon cancer patients revealed that p53 mutations occur with unusually high frequency in tumor tissue, an observation that was extended to most of the other major forms of human cancer. Indeed, members of Li-Fraumeni cancer-prone families were shown to carry germ-line p53 mutations. The importance of these observations was underscored by the finding that mice that are homozygous null for p53, although developmentally competent, are highly predisposed to tumors.

The functional character of the p53 protein was determined by experiments showing that p53 contains a strong transcriptional activation domain within its amino terminus and that it is a tetrameric, sequence-specific DNA-biding protein with a defined cognate binding site containing two copies of the 10-mer (5'-RRRCA/TT/AGYYY-3'). Although the p53 protein acts as a transcriptional activator of genes containing p53-binding sites, it is also capable of strongly inhibiting transcription from many genes lacking p53-binding sites. Several oncogenic DNA viruses express viral gene products that associate with and inhibit the trans-activation function of p53, notably SV40 large T antigen, the adenovirus E1B 55-kD protein, and the E6 protein of oncogenic forms of human papillomavirus (HPV E6). In cells, p53 can associate with a 90-kD protein, identified as the product of the mdm-2 oncogene, which is amplified in some types of tumors. When bound to mdm-2, p53 can no longer function as an activator of transcription.

p53 plays multiple roles in cells. Expression of high levels of wild-type (but not mutant) p53 has two outcomes: cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. The observation that DNA-damaging agents induce levels of p53 in cells led to the definition of p53 as a checkpoint factor, akin, perhaps, to the product of the fad9 gene in yeast. While dispensable for viability, in response to genotoxic stress, p53 acts as an “emergency brake” inducing either arrest or apoptosis, protecting the genome from accumulating excess mutations. Consistent with this notion, cells lacking p53 were shown to be genetically unstable and thus more prone to tumors.

篇7：托福阅读资料

托福阅读资料：相由心生

“相由心生”是一句成语，那究竟是不是这么回事呢，科学家们研究表明这种说法是有根据的，可以成立的。所以说我们的祖先们是多么的睿智!下面我们来看这篇托福阅读练习。

If you exhibit positive traits such as honesty and helpfulness, the chances are that you will be perceived as a good looking person, for a new study has found that the perception of physical attractiveness is influenced by a person's personality.

The study, led by Gary W. Lewandowski, Jr, found that people who exhibit negative traits, such as unfairness and rudeness, appear to be less physically attractive to observers.

In the study, the participants viewed photographs of opposite-sex individuals and rated them for attractiveness before and after being provided with information on personality traits.

After personality information was received, participants also rated the desirability of each individual as a friend and as a dating partner.

Information on personality was found to significantly alter perceived desirability, showing that cognitive processes modify judgments of attractiveness.

“Perceiving a person as having a desirable personality makes the person more suitable in general as a close relationship partner of any kind,” said Lewandowski.

The findings show that a positive personality leads to greater desirability as a friend, which leads to greater desirability as a romantic partner and, ultimately, to being viewed as more physically attractive.

The findings remained consistent regardless of how “attractive” the individual was initially perceived to be, or of the participants' current relationship status or commitment level with a partner.

What would you think of this lady's physical attractiveness if she exhibited bad personal traits?

“This research provides a more positive alternative by reminding people that personality goes a long way toward determining your attractiveness; it can even change people's impressions of how good looking you are,” said Lewandowski.

如果你表现出诚实和乐于助人等美好品质，那么别人会觉得你的外表也很迷人。一项最新研究发现，一个人的性格会影响别人对他或她的外表吸引力的看法。

该项由盖里·W·勒万多维斯基负责的研究发现，人们认为，表现出不诚实和粗鲁等恶劣品质的人外表也不够吸引人。

研究对象首先观看了一组异性的照片，随后分别在得知照片中人物的性格特点之前和之后给他们的外表评分。

研究对象在得知照片中人物的性格特点后，还对与其中每个人交朋友或做恋人的期望值进行了评分。

研�咳嗽狈⑾郑泄厝宋镄愿裉氐愕男畔⒋蟠蟾谋淞酥暗南埠枚绕婪郑芯慷韵蟮娜现谈谋淞怂嵌哉掌腥宋锿獗淼钠兰邸�

勒万多维斯基说：“总的来说，如果人们认为一个人的性格较好，那么他们会觉得无论与这个人做朋友还是做恋人都更合适。”

研究结果表明，人们更期望与性格较好的人交朋友、成为恋人，从而会认为他们的外表更迷人。

无论照片中人物给人的“第一印象”怎样、或者研究对象目前的情感关系状况以及与伴侣的亲密程度如何，研究结果都是一致的。

勒万多维斯基说：“该研究提出了一个更为积极的观点，它提醒人们，性格在很大程度上能决定你的吸引力;性格甚至能够改变人们对于你外表的印象。”

托福阅读资料：开车太慢也危险

开车慢点就一定安全么?答案是不一定。今天的新托福阅读特训资料我们就来聊聊慢速开车的危害。

Slow drivers 'are among most dangerous on roads' and cause crashe.

慢速前行的司机是道路上最危险的因素之一并且会容易引发撞车事故。

Slow drivers are one of the biggest dangers on the road and should be treated like speeders, a report says.

一篇报道称：慢性子司机是道路上最危险的因素之一，也必须像处理超速者一样对待。

Nearly a third of motorists have had a 'near miss' caused by someone travelling slowly.

将近三分之一的司机由于慢速司机差点出了车祸。

These drivers create such frustration that six out of ten motorists feel stress rise and about half are tempted to 'undertake'.

这些司机会产生这样的沮丧感，十分之六的司机会感到压力上升，有一半司机试图尝试去“接受”。

It has led to calls for a crackdown on slow drivers including the setting of minimum limits or even ‘slow speed’ cameras.

它呼吁打击慢行司机，包括调到最低速度的人或者甚至是慢速的“照相机”。

Transport Department figures show 143 accidents a year are caused directly by slow drivers.

交通部门的数据表明每年有143个事故是直接由慢行司机引起的。

The report notes: ’In reaction to these slow drivers, almost half (45%) of motorists risk overtaking, thus increasing the chances of an accident.

这篇报道指出：“对于这些慢行司机，几乎45%的司机会冒险超车，这反而增加了发生事故的概率。”

'Although minimum speed limits are enforced on some UK motorways, there are few preventative measures that are used widely.'

尽管一些英国高速公路上执行着最低车速限制，但并没有一些广泛使用的保护措施。

In 2011 the government introduced a scheme which allows for ￡100 on-the-spot fine for careless driving-including those that drive too slow, though there is little evidence of this being taken seriously by the authorities.

在2011年，政府出台了一个计划，对不小心驾驶的司机允许收取100英镑的罚款，这其中也包括驾驶速度过慢的司机，尽管有很小的迹象表示当局会正式的执行这个计划。

More than a quarter (27 per cent) of drivers questioned want an explicit ‘ slow lane’ on roads to combat slow drivers.

超过四分之一(27%)的司机质问需要一个明确的慢车道来打击这些慢行司机。

Hot-spots for low middle lane hogs include the main A3 road between Surrey and Hampshire and the capital.

设置中低速的车道的热点地带，包括A3萨里和新罕布什尔州和首都之间的主要公路。

以上就是今天的托福阅读材料，每天做几篇阅读，坚持下来，一定会有不小的进步，阅读的同时不要忘记，积累陌生词汇与优秀的句子，以便考试的时候能派上用场，英语不是一朝一夕的事，所以大家一定要勤加练习。

托福阅读资料：近半英国女性后悔读大学

Vicky Tuck: 'I believe women should only go to university if they have a genuine interest in learning'.

Young women are losing faith in the university system with nearly half believing it is not worth getting a degree.

Tuition fees and little chance of landinga good job make higher education an unattractive prospect for them, a study suggests.

It found that nearly half of female graduates would not go to university if they had the chance again.

The research will cause concern because it was carried out before the Government announced that fees will almost treble to ā9,000 in 2012.

The findings have prompted warnings that a generation of ambitious young women will miss out on a high-flyingcareer and the opportunity to continue their education.

Louise Court, editor of Cosmopolitan magazine, which conducted the survey, said young women seem to think university ‘a waste of time’.

‘It’s never been harder to be a young woman with ambition,’ she said. ‘Understandably, women are angry and frustrated about their future and this is having a damaging affect on their self-esteem.

The survey of 1,353 women also looked at the career prospects and financial outlook for women in 2011.

Two thirds of those questioned said they thought it would be ‘almost impossible’ to get their dream job and a quarter were unable to follow their preferred career.

Only 14 per cent said they felt safe from the sack.

And the financial situation for graduates was especially bad, with half saying they had so much student debt they could not save.

The same proportion believed they faced worse financial hardship than their parents.

One in seven women said they had been forced to postpone getting married because a wedding would be too expensive.

And more than one in six admitted that financial constraints had made them postpone trying to start a family.

Vicky Tuck, a campaigner for women’s education and former head of Cheltenham Ladies College, said: ‘The rise in fees is going to make a lot of people reflect on why they are going to university.

‘Before the introduction of fees it was not an automatic assumption that a degree would lead to a good job. It is only recently that we have seen that relationship.

‘I believe that women should only go to university if they have a genuine interest in learning, a precious opportunity. If they go purely to get a job, many will be disappointed.’

托福阅读资料 Music and Verbal Memory

Even if you haven’t touched a piano in years, if you suffered through music lessons as a kid you may have benefited from those lessons in ways you wouldn’t expect. When you train on a musical instrument your brain is stimulated and changes and develops as a result. Because the parts of the brain are interconnected this stimulation doesn’t affect musical ability only.

Psychologists have discovered that the stimulation musical training enacts on the left temporal region of your brain enhances verbal memory. People with musical training are significantly better at recalling words from a list and learning new words. What’s more, the longer the duration of musical training, the better the verbal memory.

So while children who study music for two years demonstrate better verbal memory than children who have not studied music, children who continue to study music

continue to improve their verbal memory. The good news for those of us who trained on musical instruments but quit at some point is that we don’t seem to lose the verbal benefits we gain from this training.

Scientists are particularly interested in what this suggests about the interconnectedness of the brain and thus the predictability of the effects of stimulation to a brain area on cognitive functions located in that area. Further research may lead to developments in cognitive rehabilitation for people with brain injuries. For example, in order to rebuild verbal memory in patients with injury to that part of the brain, doctors may prescribe music lessons.

托福阅读资料 Exercise keeps you younger

Exercise may hold the key to youth, according to a study published on Monday which showed people who keep fit are up to nine years biologically younger than those who do not.

The findings are the first to show in humans how keeping fit affects the ageing process.

The study of 2,401 twins found that a sedentary lifestyle raises the risk of a range of problems from heart disease to cancer and appears to play a key role in the ageing process.

It all appears to boil down to the length of structures called telomeres -- which protect the DNA on the chromosomes, the researchers from King's College London wrote in the Archives of Internal Medicine.

Many studies have shown telomeres get shorter over time, suggesting the cells are ageing or dying. The study, which extracted a DNA sample from their volunteers, found people who exercised more each week had longer telomeres.

Exercise lowers the risk of a range of problems such as heart disease, diabetes and cancer, the researchers said.

“It is not just walking around the block. It is really working up a sweat,” said Tim Spector, a genetic epidemiologist who led the study, in a telephone interview.

The study found people who exercised vigorously 3 hours each week had longer telomeres and they were 9 years biologically younger than people who did under 15 minutes.

Spector's team, who also adjusted for body weight, smoking, economic status and physical activity at work, also said moderate exercise for 1-1/2 hours each week provided a four-year advantage.

Studying twins also provided a unique opportunity to gauge the effects of exercise on people with the same or similar genetic make-up, the researchers said.

The reason why exercise has this effect is not clear but the researchers said they believe physical activity somehow defends against the natural process called oxidative stress, which damages and kills cells.