托福tpo47阅读第答案及原文题目

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篇1：托福tpo47阅读第答案及原文题目

托福tpo47阅读第一篇答案及原文题目

Roman Cultural Influence on Britain

After the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., the presence of administrators, merchants, and troops on British soil, along with the natural flow of ideas and goods from the rest of the empire, had an enormous influence on life in the British Isles. Cultural influences were of three types: the bringing of objects, the transfer of craft workers, and the introduction of massive civil architecture. Many objects were not art in even the broadest sense and comprised utilitarian items of clothing, utensils, and equipment. We should not underestimate the social status associated with such mundane possessions which had not previously been available. The flooding of Britain with red-gloss pottery form Gaul (modern-day France), decorated with scenes from Classical mythology, probably brought many into contact with the styles and artistic concepts of the Greco-Roman world for the first time, whether or not the symbolism was understood. Mass-produced goods were accompanied by fewer more aesthetically impressive objects such as statuettes. Such pieces perhaps first came with officials for their own religious worship; others were then acquired by native leaders as diplomatic gifts or by purchase. Once seen by the natives, such objects created a fashion which rapidly spread through the province.

In the most extreme instances, natives literally bought the whole package of Roman culture. The Fishbourne villa, built in the third quarter of the first century A.D., probably for the native client king Cogidubnus, amply illustrates his Roman pretensions. It was constructed in the latest Italian style with imported marbles and stylish mosaics. It was lavishly furnished with imported sculptures and other Classical objects. A visitor from Rome would have recognized its owner as a participant in the contemporary culture of the empire, not at all provincial in taste. Even if those from the traditional families looked down on him, they would have been unable to dismiss him as uncultured. Although exceptional, this demonstrates how new cultural symbols bound provincials to the identify of the Roman world.

Such examples established a standard to be copied. One result was an influx of craft worker, particularly those skilled in artistic media like stone-carving which had not existed before the conquest. Civilian workers came mostly from Gaul and Germany. The magnificent temple built beside the sacred spring at Bath was constructed only about twenty years after the conquest. Its detail shows that it was carved by artists from northeast Gaul. In the absence of a tradition of

Classical stone-carving and building, the desire to develop Roman amenities would have been difficult to fulfill. Administrators thus used their personal contacts to put the Britons in touch with architects and masons. As many of the officials in Britain had strong links with Gaul, it is not surprising that early Roman Britain owes much to craft workers from that area. Local workshops did develop and stylistically similar groups of sculpture show how skills in this new medium became widerspread. Likewise skills in the use of mosaic, wall painting, ceramic decoration, and metal-working developed throughout the province with the eventual emergence of characteristically Romano-British styles.

This art had a major impact on the native peoples, and one of the most importance factors was a change in the scale of buildings. Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region. On occasion large groups amassed for war or religious festivals, but society remained centered on small communities. Architecture of this era reflected this with even the largest of the fortified towns and hill forts containing no more than clusters of medium-sized structures. The spaces inside even the largest roundhouses were modest, and the use of rounded shapes and organic building materials gave buildings a human scale. But the effect of Roman civil architecture was significant. The sheer size of space enclosed within buildings like the basilica of London must have been astonishing. This was an architecture of dominance in which subject peoples were literally made to feel small by buildings that epitomized imperial power. Supremacy was accentuated by the unyielding straight lines of both individual buildings and planned settlements since these too provided a marked contrast with the natural curvilinear shapes dominant in the native realm.

Passage1

After the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., the presence of administrators, merchants, and troops on British soil, along with the natural flow of ideas and goods from the rest of the empire, had an enormous influence on life in the British Isles. Cultural influences were of three types: the bringing of objects, the transfer of craft workers, and the introduction of massive civil architecture. Many objects were not art in even the broadest sense and comprised utilitarian items of clothing, utensils, and equipment. We should not underestimate the social status associated with such mundane possessions which had not previously been

available. The flooding of Britain with red-gloss pottery form Gaul (modern-day France), decorated with scenes from Classical mythology, probably brought many into contact with the styles and artistic concepts of the Greco-Roman world for the first time, whether or not the symbolism was understood. Mass-produced goods were accompanied by fewer more aesthetically impressive objects such as statuettes. Such pieces perhaps first came with officials for their own religious worship; others were then acquired by native leaders as diplomatic gifts or by purchase. Once seen by the natives, such objects created a fashion which rapidly spread through the province.

1. The word “mundane” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. material

B. ordinary

C. valued

D. useful

2. Paragraph 1 suggests that one benefit for British natives in buying such items as red-gloss pottery made in Gaul was

A. improved quality of utilitarian items

B. Understanding the symbolism of Classical mythology

C. higher social standing

D. Learning to mass-produce pottery for a profit

3. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following ideas about contacts that existed between Britain and the Roman Empire before the Roman conquest of Britain?

A. They were sufficient for native Britons to become familiar with everyday Roman objects.

B. They were not sufficient for even very basic aspects of the culture of the Roman Empire to find their way into British life.

C. They were not sufficient for British to have heard of the power of the Roman Empire.

D. They were sufficient for individual Britons to become very interested in trying to participate in the culture of the Roman Empire.

Passage 2

In the most extreme instances, natives literally bought the whole package of Roman culture. The Fishbourne villa, built in the third quarter of the first century A.D., probably for the native client king Cogidubnus, amply illustrates his Roman pretensions. It was constructed in the latest Italian style with imported marbles and stylish mosaics. It was lavishly furnished with imported sculptures and other Classical objects. A visitor from Rome would have recognized its owner as a participant in the contemporary culture of the empire, not at all provincial in taste. Even if those from the traditional families looked down on him, they would have been unable to dismiss him as uncultured. Although exceptional, this demonstrates how new cultural symbols bound provincials to the identify of the Roman world.

4. The word “lavishly” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. exclusively

B. additionally

C. appropriately

D. richly

5. According to paragraph 2, the style and furnishings of the Fishbourne villa suggest that the person for whom it was built was

A. cultured according to the contemporary standards of the empire

B. caught between native and Roman traditions

C. originally a visitor from Rome

D. a member of a socially inferior family

Passage 3

Such examples established a standard to be copied. One result was an influx of craft worker, particularly those skilled in artistic media like stone-carving which had not existed before the

conquest. Civilian workers came mostly from Gaul and Germany. The magnificent temple built beside the sacred spring at Bath was constructed only about twenty years after the conquest. Its detail shows that it was carved by artists from northeast Gaul. In the absence of a tradition of Classical stone-carving and building, the desire to develop Roman amenities would have been difficult to fulfill. Administrators thus used their personal contacts to put the Britons in touch with architects and masons. As many of the officials in Britain had strong links with Gaul, it is not surprising that early Roman Britain owes much to craft workers from that area. Local workshops did develop and stylistically similar groups of sculpture show how skills in this new medium became widerspread. Likewise skills in the use of mosaic, wall painting, ceramic decoration, and metal-working developed throughout the province with the eventual emergence of characteristically Romano-British styles.

6. The word “sacred” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. holy

B. ancient

C. natural

D. Secret

7. According to paragraph 3, one factor contributing to success of the earliest Roman-style construction projects in Britain was

A. the fact that long before the conquest many civilian workers from Gaul and Germany had settled in Britain

B. the rapid development of characteristically Romano-British styles

C. the availability, in northeast Gaul, of structures that could serve as standards to be copied

D. the use, by administrators, of personal connections to bring craft workers form Gaul into contact with Britons

Passage 4

This art had a major impact on the native peoples, and one of the most importance factors was a change in the scale of buildings. Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region. On occasion large groups amassed for war or religious festivals, but society remained centered on small communities. Architecture of this era reflected this with even the largest of the fortified towns and hill forts containing no more than clusters of medium-sized structures. The spaces inside even the largest roundhouses were modest, and the use of rounded shapes and organic building materials gave buildings a human scale. But the effect of Roman civil architecture was significant. The sheer size of space enclosed within buildings like the basilica of London must have been astonishing. This was an architecture of dominance in which subject peoples were literally made to feel small by buildings that epitomized imperial power. Supremacy was accentuated by the unyielding straight lines of both individual buildings and planned settlements since these too provided a marked contrast with the natural curvilinear shapes dominant in the native realm.

8. In paragraph 4, why does the author mention that “Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region”?

A. To suggest that the Roman conquest of Britain increased the standard of living for natives

B. To indicate that pre-Roman Britain was more interested in festivals and community life than conquering other regions

C. To explain why architecture during this period was not built to be particularly large

D. To illustrate how the traditional roundhouse evolved under the influence of Roman civil architecture

9. The word “modest” in the passage in closet in meaning to

A. comfortable

B. limited in number

C. poorly lit

D. not large

10. According to paragraph 4, people in pre-Roman Britain lived, for the most part, in

A. architecture that seemed imperial in size

B. small communities

C. large roundhouses

D. fortified towns

11. According to paragraph 4, why did straight lines in buildings and settlements emphasize the dominance of those who introduced them ?

A. Because straight lines were in contrast to the shapes found in pre-Roman architecture

B. Because unlike curved lines, which are shaped in all sorts of different ways, straight lines do no differ

C. Because the dominant lines in entire settlements were the same as those in individual buildings

D. Because building and settlements were easier to construct when the dominant lines were straight lines

12. According to paragraph 4, buildings from the pre-Roman period differed sharply from buildings reflection Roman civil architecture in each of the following respects EXCEPT

A. their outside and inside dimensions

B. the impact they had on people

C. the geometric shapes in which they were built

D. the positioning of buildings in clusters

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

Practical and unimpressive, most were barely taller than the average adult.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

This art had a major impact on the native peoples, and one of the most importance factors was a change in the scale of buildings. Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region. On occasion large groups amassed for war or religious festivals,

but society remained centered on small communities. Architecture of this era reflected this with even the largest of the fortified towns and hill forts containing no more than clusters of medium-sized structures. The spaces inside even the largest roundhouses were modest, and the use of rounded shapes and organic building materials gave buildings a human scale. [■] But the effect of Roman civil architecture was significant. The sheer size of space enclosed within buildings like the basilica of London must have been astonishing. [■] This was an architecture of dominance in which subject peoples were literally made to feel small by buildings that epitomized imperial power. [■] Supremacy was accentuated by the unyielding straight lines of both individual buildings and planned settlements since these too provided a marked contrast with the natural curvilinear shapes dominant in the native realm.[■]

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 3 points.

Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.

To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.

The conquest of Britain by the Roman Empire resulted in significant cultural change.

Answer Choices

A. New objects entering Britain ranged from mass-produced articles for everyday use to works of art, and they were widely-and enthusiastically-accepted by native Britons.

B. Constructing and furnishing buildings in the Roman style required skills that native workers did not at first have, so workers were brought in from other parts of the empire.

C. Native Britons traveled to Gaul to learn Classical stone-carving and building techniques.

D. The conquest was followed by a building boom, and enough villas and temples in the Italian style were built that a visitor from Rome would have felt quite at home in post-conquest Britain.

E. An important symbol of Roman supremacy was Roman architecture, whose enormous size, emphasized by the use of straight lines, made the natives feel insignificant.

F. Characteristically Romano-British concepts took hold in architecture; roundhouses were built much larger than before, and straight lines began to be used in interior spaces.是托福考试中很重要的一部分，考生们想要提高托福阅读的分数离不开平时的练习，其中托福tpo系列便是很好的复习资料。今天智课网给大家带来了托福tpo47阅读第一篇答案及原文题目，希望大家可以认真练习，这样才能在托福考试中取得理想的成绩。

Roman Cultural Influence on Britain

After the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., the presence of administrators, merchants, and troops on British soil, along with the natural flow of ideas and goods from the rest of the empire, had an enormous influence on life in the British Isles. Cultural influences were of three types: the bringing of objects, the transfer of craft workers, and the introduction of massive civil architecture. Many objects were not art in even the broadest sense and comprised utilitarian items of clothing, utensils, and equipment. We should not underestimate the social status associated with such mundane possessions which had not previously been available. The flooding of Britain with red-gloss pottery form Gaul (modern-day France), decorated with scenes from Classical mythology, probably brought many into contact with the styles and artistic concepts of the Greco-Roman world for the first time, whether or not the symbolism was understood. Mass-produced goods were accompanied by fewer more aesthetically impressive objects such as statuettes. Such pieces perhaps first came with officials for their own religious worship; others were then acquired by native leaders as diplomatic gifts or by purchase. Once seen by the natives, such objects created a fashion which rapidly spread through the province.

In the most extreme instances, natives literally bought the whole package of Roman culture. The Fishbourne villa, built in the third quarter of the first century A.D., probably for the native client king Cogidubnus, amply illustrates his Roman pretensions. It was constructed in the latest Italian style with imported marbles and stylish mosaics. It was lavishly furnished with imported sculptures and other Classical objects. A visitor from Rome would have recognized its owner as a participant in the contemporary culture of the empire, not at all provincial in taste. Even if those from the traditional families looked down on him, they would have been unable to dismiss him as uncultured. Although exceptional, this demonstrates how new cultural symbols bound provincials to the identify of the Roman world.

Such examples established a standard to be copied. One result was an influx of craft worker, particularly those skilled in artistic media like stone-carving which had not existed before the conquest. Civilian workers came mostly from Gaul and Germany. The magnificent temple built beside the sacred spring at Bath was constructed only about twenty years after the conquest. Its detail shows that it was carved by artists from northeast Gaul. In the absence of a tradition of

Classical stone-carving and building, the desire to develop Roman amenities would have been difficult to fulfill. Administrators thus used their personal contacts to put the Britons in touch with architects and masons. As many of the officials in Britain had strong links with Gaul, it is not surprising that early Roman Britain owes much to craft workers from that area. Local workshops did develop and stylistically similar groups of sculpture show how skills in this new medium became widerspread. Likewise skills in the use of mosaic, wall painting, ceramic decoration, and metal-working developed throughout the province with the eventual emergence of characteristically Romano-British styles.

This art had a major impact on the native peoples, and one of the most importance factors was a change in the scale of buildings. Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region. On occasion large groups amassed for war or religious festivals, but society remained centered on small communities. Architecture of this era reflected this with even the largest of the fortified towns and hill forts containing no more than clusters of medium-sized structures. The spaces inside even the largest roundhouses were modest, and the use of rounded shapes and organic building materials gave buildings a human scale. But the effect of Roman civil architecture was significant. The sheer size of space enclosed within buildings like the basilica of London must have been astonishing. This was an architecture of dominance in which subject peoples were literally made to feel small by buildings that epitomized imperial power. Supremacy was accentuated by the unyielding straight lines of both individual buildings and planned settlements since these too provided a marked contrast with the natural curvilinear shapes dominant in the native realm.

Passage1

After the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., the presence of administrators, merchants, and troops on British soil, along with the natural flow of ideas and goods from the rest of the empire, had an enormous influence on life in the British Isles. Cultural influences were of three types: the bringing of objects, the transfer of craft workers, and the introduction of massive civil architecture. Many objects were not art in even the broadest sense and comprised utilitarian items of clothing, utensils, and equipment. We should not underestimate the social status associated with such mundane possessions which had not previously been

available. The flooding of Britain with red-gloss pottery form Gaul (modern-day France), decorated with scenes from Classical mythology, probably brought many into contact with the styles and artistic concepts of the Greco-Roman world for the first time, whether or not the symbolism was understood. Mass-produced goods were accompanied by fewer more aesthetically impressive objects such as statuettes. Such pieces perhaps first came with officials for their own religious worship; others were then acquired by native leaders as diplomatic gifts or by purchase. Once seen by the natives, such objects created a fashion which rapidly spread through the province.

1. The word “mundane” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. material

B. ordinary

C. valued

D. useful

2. Paragraph 1 suggests that one benefit for British natives in buying such items as red-gloss pottery made in Gaul was

A. improved quality of utilitarian items

B. Understanding the symbolism of Classical mythology

C. higher social standing

D. Learning to mass-produce pottery for a profit

3. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following ideas about contacts that existed between Britain and the Roman Empire before the Roman conquest of Britain?

A. They were sufficient for native Britons to become familiar with everyday Roman objects.

B. They were not sufficient for even very basic aspects of the culture of the Roman Empire to find their way into British life.

C. They were not sufficient for British to have heard of the power of the Roman Empire.

D. They were sufficient for individual Britons to become very interested in trying to participate in the culture of the Roman Empire.

Passage 2

In the most extreme instances, natives literally bought the whole package of Roman culture. The Fishbourne villa, built in the third quarter of the first century A.D., probably for the native client king Cogidubnus, amply illustrates his Roman pretensions. It was constructed in the latest Italian style with imported marbles and stylish mosaics. It was lavishly furnished with imported sculptures and other Classical objects. A visitor from Rome would have recognized its owner as a participant in the contemporary culture of the empire, not at all provincial in taste. Even if those from the traditional families looked down on him, they would have been unable to dismiss him as uncultured. Although exceptional, this demonstrates how new cultural symbols bound provincials to the identify of the Roman world.

4. The word “lavishly” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. exclusively

B. additionally

C. appropriately

D. richly

5. According to paragraph 2, the style and furnishings of the Fishbourne villa suggest that the person for whom it was built was

A. cultured according to the contemporary standards of the empire

B. caught between native and Roman traditions

C. originally a visitor from Rome

D. a member of a socially inferior family

Passage 3

Such examples established a standard to be copied. One result was an influx of craft worker, particularly those skilled in artistic media like stone-carving which had not existed before the

conquest. Civilian workers came mostly from Gaul and Germany. The magnificent temple built beside the sacred spring at Bath was constructed only about twenty years after the conquest. Its detail shows that it was carved by artists from northeast Gaul. In the absence of a tradition of Classical stone-carving and building, the desire to develop Roman amenities would have been difficult to fulfill. Administrators thus used their personal contacts to put the Britons in touch with architects and masons. As many of the officials in Britain had strong links with Gaul, it is not surprising that early Roman Britain owes much to craft workers from that area. Local workshops did develop and stylistically similar groups of sculpture show how skills in this new medium became widerspread. Likewise skills in the use of mosaic, wall painting, ceramic decoration, and metal-working developed throughout the province with the eventual emergence of characteristically Romano-British styles.

6. The word “sacred” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. holy

B. ancient

C. natural

D. Secret

7. According to paragraph 3, one factor contributing to success of the earliest Roman-style construction projects in Britain was

A. the fact that long before the conquest many civilian workers from Gaul and Germany had settled in Britain

B. the rapid development of characteristically Romano-British styles

C. the availability, in northeast Gaul, of structures that could serve as standards to be copied

D. the use, by administrators, of personal connections to bring craft workers form Gaul into contact with Britons

Passage 4

This art had a major impact on the native peoples, and one of the most importance factors was a change in the scale of buildings. Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region. On occasion large groups amassed for war or religious festivals, but society remained centered on small communities. Architecture of this era reflected this with even the largest of the fortified towns and hill forts containing no more than clusters of medium-sized structures. The spaces inside even the largest roundhouses were modest, and the use of rounded shapes and organic building materials gave buildings a human scale. But the effect of Roman civil architecture was significant. The sheer size of space enclosed within buildings like the basilica of London must have been astonishing. This was an architecture of dominance in which subject peoples were literally made to feel small by buildings that epitomized imperial power. Supremacy was accentuated by the unyielding straight lines of both individual buildings and planned settlements since these too provided a marked contrast with the natural curvilinear shapes dominant in the native realm.

8. In paragraph 4, why does the author mention that “Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region”?

A. To suggest that the Roman conquest of Britain increased the standard of living for natives

B. To indicate that pre-Roman Britain was more interested in festivals and community life than conquering other regions

C. To explain why architecture during this period was not built to be particularly large

D. To illustrate how the traditional roundhouse evolved under the influence of Roman civil architecture

9. The word “modest” in the passage in closet in meaning to

A. comfortable

B. limited in number

C. poorly lit

D. not large

10. According to paragraph 4, people in pre-Roman Britain lived, for the most part, in

A. architecture that seemed imperial in size

B. small communities

C. large roundhouses

D. fortified towns

11. According to paragraph 4, why did straight lines in buildings and settlements emphasize the dominance of those who introduced them ?

A. Because straight lines were in contrast to the shapes found in pre-Roman architecture

B. Because unlike curved lines, which are shaped in all sorts of different ways, straight lines do no differ

C. Because the dominant lines in entire settlements were the same as those in individual buildings

D. Because building and settlements were easier to construct when the dominant lines were straight lines

12. According to paragraph 4, buildings from the pre-Roman period differed sharply from buildings reflection Roman civil architecture in each of the following respects EXCEPT

A. their outside and inside dimensions

B. the impact they had on people

C. the geometric shapes in which they were built

D. the positioning of buildings in clusters

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

Practical and unimpressive, most were barely taller than the average adult.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

This art had a major impact on the native peoples, and one of the most importance factors was a change in the scale of buildings. Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region. On occasion large groups amassed for war or religious festivals,

but society remained centered on small communities. Architecture of this era reflected this with even the largest of the fortified towns and hill forts containing no more than clusters of medium-sized structures. The spaces inside even the largest roundhouses were modest, and the use of rounded shapes and organic building materials gave buildings a human scale. [■] But the effect of Roman civil architecture was significant. The sheer size of space enclosed within buildings like the basilica of London must have been astonishing. [■] This was an architecture of dominance in which subject peoples were literally made to feel small by buildings that epitomized imperial power. [■] Supremacy was accentuated by the unyielding straight lines of both individual buildings and planned settlements since these too provided a marked contrast with the natural curvilinear shapes dominant in the native realm.[■]

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 3 points.

Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.

To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.

The conquest of Britain by the Roman Empire resulted in significant cultural change.

Answer Choices

A. New objects entering Britain ranged from mass-produced articles for everyday use to works of art, and they were widely-and enthusiastically-accepted by native Britons.

B. Constructing and furnishing buildings in the Roman style required skills that native workers did not at first have, so workers were brought in from other parts of the empire.

C. Native Britons traveled to Gaul to learn Classical stone-carving and building techniques.

D. The conquest was followed by a building boom, and enough villas and temples in the Italian style were built that a visitor from Rome would have felt quite at home in post-conquest Britain.

E. An important symbol of Roman supremacy was Roman architecture, whose enormous size, emphasized by the use of straight lines, made the natives feel insignificant.

F. Characteristically Romano-British concepts took hold in architecture; roundhouses were built much larger than before, and straight lines began to be used in interior spaces.

1-5.BCBDA 6-10.ADCDB 11-13.ADA 14.ABE

新托福阅读背景知识：垮掉的一代

“垮掉的一代”

50年代沉闷的政治空气使许多青年感到窒息，他们吸毒、群居，以颓唐、放纵的生活方式来表示自己的抗议。其中有些人把这种生活与情绪写入文学作品，这便是“垮掉的一代”文学。这种文学发展到60年代后，在国内民主运动高涨的背景下，增加了一些政治色彩。但是对他们中许多人来说，东方宗教与东方哲学更具有吸引力。“垮掉的一代”在诗歌创作方面较有生气，并恢复了美国诗歌朗诵的传统。

新托福阅读背景知识：黑色幽默

“黑色幽默”

进入60年代之后，人们对生活中的“非理性”和“异化”现象，有了更深切的体会。有些作家在作品中，用夸张、超现实的手法，将欢乐与痛苦、可笑与可怖、柔情与残酷、荒.唐古怪与一本正经揉和在一起，使读者哭笑不得，感到不安，从而对生活能有更深一层的认识。作者对世界前景的看法往往是悲观的。这就是“黑色幽默”文学，代表作有海勒的《第二十二条军规》(1961)等。有人将阿尔比的作品也列入“黑色幽默”派中。阿尔比是美国荒诞派戏剧的代表人物。他的喜剧并没有什么滑稽、幽默的成分，但是在使读者感到不安这一点上与“黑色幽默”一致。这说明荒诞派戏 剧与“黑色幽默”小说之间存在着血缘关系。

篇2：托福TPO9阅读第原文及答案解析

托福TPO9阅读原文Part2

Reflection in Teaching

Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms. Educators T. Wildman and J. Niles (1987) describe a scheme for developing reflective practice in experienced teachers. This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.

Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish-a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature. They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years. They were concerned that many would be “drawn to these new, refreshing” conceptions of teaching only to find that the void between the abstractions and the realities of teacher reflection is too great to bridge. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy.“ The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent, manner.

Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being ”utilitarian … and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection.“ Teachers rarely have the time or opportunities to view their own or the teaching of others in an objective manner. Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation.

Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central. This process took time and patience and effective trainers. The researchers estimate that the initial training of the teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.

Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate reflective practice in a teaching situation. The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students. The second is the availability of sufficient time and space. The teachers in the program described how they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give themselves the time they needed to develop their reflective skills. The third is the development of a collaborative environment with support from other teachers. Support and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program cope with aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable. Wildman and Niles make a summary comment: ”Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea.“

The work of Wildman and Niles suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties of instituting reflective practice. Others have noted this, making a similar point about the teaching profession's cultural inhibitions about reflective practice. Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician, putting into practice the ideas of theirs. More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation. Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski, 1993) and has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability. Few have directly questioned what might lead a teacher to want to become reflective. Apparently, the most obvious reason for teachers to work toward reflective practice is that teacher educators think it is a good thing. There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect - for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.

Paragraph 1: Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms. Educators T. Wildman and J. Niles (1987) describe a scheme for developing reflective practice in experienced teachers. This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.

托福TPO9阅读题目Part2

1. The word ”justified“ in the passage is closest in meaning to

○supported

○shaped

○stimulated

○suggested

2. According to paragraph 1, it was believed that reflection could help teachers

○understand intellectual principles of teaching

○strengthen their intellectual connection to their work

○use scientific fact to improve discipline and teaching

○adopt a more disciplined approach to teaching

Paragraph 2: Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish-a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature. They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years. They were concerned that many would be ”drawn to these new, refreshing“ conceptions of teaching only to find that the void between the abstractions and the realities of teacher reflection is too great to bridge. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy. The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent, manner.

3. The word ”flourish“ in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ continue

○ occur

○ succeed

○ apply

4. All of the following are mentioned about the experimental strategy described in paragraph 2 EXCEPT:

○It was designed so that teachers would eventually reflect without help from others.

○It was used by a group of teachers over a period of years.

○It involved having teachers take part in discussions of classroom events.

○It involved having teachers record in writing their reflections about teaching.

5. According to paragraph 2, Wildman and Niles worried that the teachers they were working with might feel that

○ the number of teachers involved in their program was too large

○ the concepts of teacher reflection were so abstract that they could not be applied

○ the ideas involved in reflection were actually not new and refreshing

○ several years would be needed to acquire the habit of reflecting on their teaching

Paragraph 3: Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being ”utilitarian … and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection.“ Teachers rarely have the time or opportunities to view their own or the teaching of others in an objective manner. Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation.

6. The word ”objective“ in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ unbiased

○ positive

○ systematic

○ thorough

7. According to paragraph 3, what did the teachers working with Wildman and Niles often fail to do when they attempted to practice reflection?

○Correctly calculate the amount of time needed for reflection.

○Provide sufficiently detailed descriptions of the methods they used to help them reflect.

○Examine thoughtfully the possible causes of events in their classrooms.

○Establish realistic goals for themselves in practicing reflection.

Paragraph 4: Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central. This process took time and patience and effective trainers. The researchers estimate that the initial training of the teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.

8. How is paragraph 4 related to other aspects of the discussion of reflection in the passage?

○It describes and comments on steps taken to overcome problems identified earlier in the passage.

○It challenges the earlier claim that teachers rarely have the time to think about their own or others' teaching.

○It identifies advantages gained by teachers who followed the training program described earlier in the passage.

○It explains the process used to define the principles discussed later in the passage.

Paragraph 5: Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate reflective practice in a teaching situation. The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students. The second is the availability of sufficient time and space. The teachers in the program described how they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give themselves the time they needed to develop their reflective skills. The third is the development of a collaborative environment with support from other teachers. Support and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program cope with aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable. Wildman and Niles make a summary comment: ”Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea.“

9. The word ”compelling“ in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ commonly held

○ persuasive

○ original

○ practical

Paragraph 6: The work of Wildman and Niles suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties of instituting reflective practice. Others have noted this, making a similar point about the teaching profession's cultural inhibitions about reflective practice. Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician, putting into practice the ideas of theirs. More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation. Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski, 1993) and has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability. Few have directly questioned what might lead a teacher to want to become reflective. Apparently, the most obvious reason for teachers to work toward reflective practice is that teacher educators think it is a good thing. There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect - for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.

10. According to paragraph 6, teachers may be discouraged from reflecting because

○ it is not generally supported by teacher educators

○ the benefits of reflection may not be apparent immediately

○ it is impossible to teach and reflect on one's teaching at the same time

○ they have often failed in their attempts to become reflective practitioners

11. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information

○The practice of being reflective is no longer simply a habit among teachers but something that is externally motivated.

○Most teachers need to explore ways to form the habit of reflection even when no external motivation exists.

○Many aspects of the motivation to reflect have not been studied, including the comparative benefits of externally motivated and habitual reflection among teachers.

○There has not been enough exploration of why teachers practice reflection as a habit with or without external motivation.

Paragraph 4: Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central. ■This process took time and patience and effective trainers. ■The researchers estimate that the initial training of the teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.

Paragraph 5: ■Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate reflective practice in a teaching situation. ■The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students. The second is the availability of sufficient time and space. The teachers in the program described how they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give themselves the time they needed to develop their reflective skills. The third is the development of a collaborative environment with support from other teachers. Support and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program cope with aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable. Wildman and Niles make a summary comment: ”Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea.“

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

However, changing teachers' thinking about reflection will not succeed unless there is support for reflection in the teaching environment.

Where could the sentence best fit?

13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Wildman and Niles have conducted research on reflection in teaching

●

●

●

Answer Choices

○Through their work with Virginia teachers, Wildman and Niles proved conclusively that reflection, though difficult, benefits both teachers and students.

○Wildman and Niles found that considerable training and practice are required to understand classroom events and develop the skills involved in reflection.

○Wildman and Niles identified three principles that teachers can use to help themselves cope with problems that may arise as a result of reflection.

○Wildman and Niles concluded that teachers need sufficient resources as well as the cooperation and encouragement of others to practice reflection.

○There are numerous obstacles to implementing reflection in schools and insufficient understanding of why teachers might want to reflect.

○Whether teachers can overcome the difficulties involved in reflection may depend on the nature and intensity of their motivation to reflect

托福TPO9阅读答案Part2

参考答案：

1. ○1

2. ○2

3. ○3

4. ○4

5. ○2

6. ○1

7. ○3

8.○1

9. ○2

10. ○2

11. ○3

12. ○3

13. Wildman and Niles found that

Wildman and Niles concluded that

There are numerous obstacles to

托福TPO9阅读翻译Part2

参考翻译：教学中的反思

教师被认为受益于反思实践--有意识地更深入思考、仔细地检查发生在他们自己教室里的事件和相互影响。教育家T o 怀尔德曼和J. o奈尔斯(1987)描述了一个在资深教师中开展反思实践的方案。这是合理的，因为人们认为反思的实践可以帮助老师们更加理性地对待他们的角色和从事的事业，并可以让他们能在教学准则中处理科学事实的缺乏和知识的不确定。

怀尔德曼和 奈尔斯都特别喜欢研究在哪种情况下反思可能大量出现--一个几乎没有任何文献指导的课题。他们给弗吉利亚的一组教师设计了一个实验策略，并在几年内研究了这一组的40位教师。他们担心很多人可能认为沉浸在这种全新的教育概念中的结果就是，发现教师反思的抽象概念和现实之间的鸿沟太大而无法逾越。要反思像教学这样复杂的事件不是容易的。老师们都参加了关于教学事件计划的讨论，紧接着在工作人员的协助下去反思具体问题，然后是独立反思。

怀尔德曼和奈尔斯 观察到系统教学反思需要一种以客观的方式来理解教室里发生事件的能力。他们起初认为参与研究的教师们太功利，并不是足够丰富和详细以促使系统反思的产生。教师们很少有机会和时间去客观地观察他们自己和其他老师的教学。更深的研究发现教师们更愿意评价事件而不是站在事件之外洞察一个事件的促进因素。

帮助这组教师修订他们关于课堂事件的认识变成了关键问题。这个过程需要时间和耐心以及有效的受训者。研究者认为训练同一个教师使他客观地看待事情需要大约20到30小时，而反思技巧的练习同样需要这么多时间。

怀尔德曼和 奈尔斯确定了促进在教学环境中实现反思行为的3个原则。第一就是来自教学系统管理层的支持，这使得教师们明白反思实践的必要条件，并知道它与教学之间的联系。第二就是需要足够的时间和空间。项目中的教师们抱怨说让他们放弃别人当时的要求而为自己腾出时间去提升自己的反思能力是很困难的。第三就是以其他教师的支持为基础的亲密无间的环境。项目中的教师同样需要支持和鼓励以帮助他们去应付他们职业生活中的不如意的方面。怀尔德曼和奈尔斯作出了一个总结性的评论：”或许我们学到的最重要的观点就是教师不会因为这是好的，或者甚至是不可或缺的观念而自发地开展教学反思。“

怀尔德曼 和奈尔斯 的工作表明认识进行反思的某些困难的重要性。也有其他人知道这个，并指出相似的关于反思行为的教学职业文化阻碍。Zeichner 和Liston(1987)指出作为一个决策者的教师和作为一个将其他人观念付诸实施的教师之间，存在着角色上的不一致。比文化问题更基本的是动机问题。成为一个反思教学的执行者需要额外的付出(Jaworski,1993)而且只有一个模糊的目标，甚至不仅没有显而易见的回报，反而有易受责难的威胁。很少人直接质疑什么可能让一个教师想变成反思型教师。显然，使教师朝着反思行为奋斗的最直接的原因是师资培训者认为这是一件很好的事情。关于反思的动力存在许多未知的问题，例如外部驱动的反思的价值与通过习惯进行反思的价值是不同的。

篇3：TPO4托福阅读Passage2原文+题目+答案解析

Cave Art in Europe

The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa. Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even older than that. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe as much as 60,000 years ago.

The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; (2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.

The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.

The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.

Upper Paleolithic art was not confined to cave paintings. Many shafts of spears and similar objects were decorated with figures of animals. The anthropologist Alexander Marshack has an interesting interpretation of some of the engravings made during the Upper Paleolithic. He believes that as far back as 30,000 B.C., hunters may have used a system of notation, engraved on bone and stone, to mark phases of the Moon. If this is true, it would mean that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and were consciously aware of their environment. In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.

篇4：TPO4托福阅读Passage2原文+题目+答案解析

Question 1 of 14

The word “marked ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. considerable

B. surprising

C. limited

D. adequate

Question 2 of 14

Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about painting in Europe?

A. It is much older than painting in Australia.

B. It is as much as 28,000 years old.

C. It is not as old as painting in southern Africa.

D. It is much more than 30,000 years old.

Question 3 of 14

The word “principal ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. major

B. likely

C. well protected

D. distinct

Question 4 of 14

According to paragraph 2, what makes some researchers think that certain cave paintings were connected with magical-religious activities?

A. The paintings were located where many people could easily see them, allowing groups of people to participate in the magical-religious activities.

B. Upper Paleolithic people shared similar beliefs with contemporary peoples who use paintings of animals in their magical-religious rituals.

C. Evidence of magical-religious activities has been found in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves.

D. The paintings were found in hard-to-reach places away from the inhabited parts of the cave.

Question 5 of 14

The word “trappings ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. conditions

B. problems

C. influences

D. decorations

Question 6 of 14

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that if they drew a human image in their cave art, it would cause death or injury.

B. Many contemporary people believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, so they, like Upper Paleolithic people, rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.

C. If Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, this belief might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.

D. Although many contemporary peoples believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, researchers cannot explain why Upper Paleolithic people rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.

Question 7 of 14

According to paragraph 3, scholars explained chips in the painted figures of animals by proposing that

A. Upper Paleolithic artists used marks to record the animals they had seen

B. the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals for hunting

C. the artists had removed rough spots on the cave walls

D. Upper Paleolithic people used the paintings to increase their luck at hunting

Question 8 of 14

Why does the author mention that Upper Paleolithic cave art seemed to have “reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing ”?

A. To argue that Upper Paleolithic art ceased to include animals when herds of game became scarce

B. To provide support for the idea that the aim of the paintings was to increase the supply of animals for hunting

C. To emphasize the continued improvement in the quality of cave art throughout the Upper Paleolithic period

D. To show the direct connection between the decrease in herds of game and the end of the Upper Paleolithic period

Question 9 of 14

According to paragraph 4, scholars believe that wild cattle, horses, and mammoths are the animals most frequently portrayed in cave paintings for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A. These animals were difficult to hunt because their unpredictable behavior.

B. People preferred these animals for their meat and for their skins.

C. The painters admired the beauty of these large animals.

D. People feared these animals because of their size and speed.

Question 10 of 14

According to paragraph 4, which of the following may best represent the attitude of hunters toward deer and reindeer in the Upper Paleolithic period?

A. Hunters did not fear deer and reindeers as much as they did large game animals such as horses and mammoths.

B. Hunters were not interested in hunting deer and reindeer because of their size and speed.

C. Hunters preferred the meat and hides of deer and reindeer to those of other animals.

D. Hunters avoided deer and reindeer because of their natural weapons, such as horns.

Question 11 of 14

According to paragraph 4, what change is evident in the art of the period following the Upper Paleolithic?

A. This new art starts to depict small animals rather than large ones.

B. This new art ceases to reflect the ways in which people obtained their food.

C. This new art no longer consists mostly of representations of animals.

D. This new art begins to show the importance of hunting to the economy.

Question 12 of 14

According to paragraph 5, which of the following has been used as evidence to suggest that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and conscious awareness of their environment?

A. They engraved animal figures on the shafts of spears and other objects.

B. They may have used engraved signs to record the phases of the Moon.

C. Their figurines represented the human female in exaggerated form.

D. They may have used figurines to portray an ideal type or to express a desire for fertility.

Question 13 of 14

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?Therefore, if the paintings were connected with hunting, some other explanation is needed..

Question 14 of 14

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that explain the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Upper Paleolithic cave paintings in Western Europe are among humanity’s earliest artistic efforts.

A.Researchers have proposed several different explanations for the fact that animals were the most common subjects in the cave paintings.

B.The art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic ceased to portray large game animals and focused instead on the kinds of animals that people of that period preferred to hunt.

C.Some researchers believe that the paintings found in France provide more explicit evidence of their symbolic significance than those found in Spain, southern Africa, and Australia.

D.The cave paintings focus on portraying animals without also depicting the natural environments in which these animals are typically found.

E.Some researchers have argued that the cave paintings mostly portrayed large animals that provided Upper Paleolithic people with meat and materials.

F.Besides cave paintings, Upper Paleolithic people produced several other kinds of artwork, one of which has been thought to provide evidence of complex thought.

篇5：TPO4托福阅读Passage2原文+题目+答案解析

Question 1 of 14

正确答案：A

题目解析：mark: 标记，marked: 明显的，显著的。对应原文：We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill.所在句的上半句讲我们认为artistic efforts是比较粗劣的，后面来了个转折，说他们应该有怎么样的技巧，considerable相当的，正确。limited感情色彩反了，surprise意思太夸张，而且surprise也不一定是好，adequate意思过了。

Question 2 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：B 此题答案中的关键词很容易找，故使用排除法，从答案中都可以推断出问的是画的年代。原文一共提到了三个地方岩画的年龄，南非280前，欧洲和南非一样，澳洲30000年前，所以澳洲老，A错，同时D也错;B说28000年前，原文既然说欧洲和非洲一样，当然也是28000年前，所以B对;C刚好和原文说反，错。

Question 3 of 14

正确答案：A

题目解析：principal: 主要的。A是主要的;B是可能的;C是很好地保护;D是独特的，明显的。所以A的major是答案。对应原文：The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe…说研咳嗽闭业搅巳鍪裁囱牡胤酱嬖谘一獾捞馊龃砦蟠鸢复ザ级裕哉飧鼍褪强咳鲜兜牧恕

Question 4 of 14

正确答案：D

题目解析：D 以magical-religious activities做关键词定位至第三个位置，inner reach和difficult to access都说明D是正确的，因为四个答案中只有D提到了hard-to-reach places。

Question 5 of 14

正确答案：D

题目解析：D trappings: 装饰。trap最常见的意思是捕猎或者陷阱，但注意trappings，而且只有复数的时候有一个意思是装饰物。

Question 6 of 14

正确答案：C

题目解析：C 原文的结构是旧石器时代的人相信blablabla，如果真是这样，blablabla。A选项缺了如果真是这样那部分，缺失重要信息，错;B也犯了同样错误，而且B还偷换了原文的陈述对象，原文说upper Paleolithic的人怎么怎么样，被B换成了现代人怎么怎么样;C正确;D刚好说反了，不是不能解释，而是这个是可能的解释，错。

Question 7 of 14

正确答案：D

题目解析：问作者解释了chips in the painted animal figures是为什么，往前找：Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting.找到之前的another explanation那句，说这些人把画的重点放在动物身上是为了提升自己在打猎时候的运气，所以D正确。B在倒数第二句有提到，但是这冥想是另外一个观点，从前一句的But知道，这已经和前文形成了转折，所以不是例子想要支撑的观点;AC在原文未提及。

Question 8 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：功能目的题，例子所在的那句说当猎物变少的时候，这样的岩画达到了高峰，往前看，之前一句说人们之所以画这样的画是因为想得到更多的猎物，所以这句话就是证明画画是想要更多的猎物，答案B正确。

Question 9 of 14

正确答案：C

题目解析：C 排除法，所有答案集中在这段的二四两句，第四句说到A和D两个答案，第二句说到B答案，原文只是说大的动物多画，没说是因为画画的人喜欢大动物的美，C没说，选。

Question 10 of 14

正确答案：A

题目解析：A 以deer和reindeer做关键词定位至原文第五句，接上题，说大的动物比诸如deer和reindeer这类小动物更多出现在岩画上，前文说因为怕那些大动物的很多方面才画，所以A对，B将两个概念杂合到一起，而且原文没说猎人对deer不感兴趣，错;9题B项说对，所以10题C项错;原文说有horn的是大型动物，不是deer，D错

Question 11 of 14

正确答案：C

题目解析：以following the upper Paleolithic做关键词定位至最后两句：But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals. 这句话说：当获取食物不再依赖于捕猎大型动物，这个绘画艺术就不在专注于展现动物，C正确;A错，原文并没说不画大动物之后，就转向小型动物;还是反映生活的，B错;D从来没说。

Question 12 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：B，以complex thought and conscious awareness做关键词定位至本段第四句，因为有个代词it，说明这句跟前面的第三句有联系，前一句的具体例子是记录月相，B正确。

Question 13 of 14

正确答案：C

题目解析：C 三个过渡点，hunting说明D选项不可能，排除掉;some other explanation说明之前必须有其他的解释，但这个没用上;第三个就是therefore所表示的因果关系;A选项后的this与上文的指代关系明显，所以A排除;B选项之前有spears thrown at drawings，之后有having been speared，过渡紧密，排除，所以只有C正确，代入发现后面果然是另外一个explanation，所以C对。

Question 14 of 14

正确答案：AEF

题目解析：文章标题暗示有几种展开方向：艺术的特点(现象描述)/艺术的发展(历史叙述)/为什么画这些艺术(现象解释) 首段说旧石器时代艺术水平高，年代久，算是背景介绍 二段进入主题，说艺术发现的3个位置。 三段说一个特点，主要画动物，给出解释，各有褒贬。 四段说两个人的观点，给出正面支持。 五段从主题引申，扯到其他艺术。 引出句概括首段内容，正确答案应概括以后各段大意。 A(researchers have proposed)选项对应整个第三段，提出了三个主要画动物的解释，正确。 B(the art)选项文章没有说，不选。 C(some researchers believe)选项文章没有说，不选。 D(the cave)选项原文没说，不选。 E(some researchers have)选项对应原文第四段，正确。 F(besides)选项对应第五段，正确.

托福阅读材料：有关房间的整理

英国一项调查显示，七成调查对象没时间在家中打扫卫生，近六成觉得家里脏乱差，自己仿佛住在“猪圈”中。

专家建议，不妨每天花几分钟清扫家中一部分，便可轻松维持整洁，更益身心健康。

七成人没时间收拾家里

清洁用品企业海绵制造公司调查名英国人的家庭卫生习惯。结果显示，大约七成调查对象没时间做除尘、扫地、清洁浴室等日常清扫工作。

调查对象中，42%从未给家里来一次全面大扫除。即便是勤快人，上一次大扫除也是在大约5个月前。

调查对象中，超过一成已至少一个月未清理浴室，另有一成一年多未熨衣服;一成至少一个月未使用真空吸尘器;5%从不擦窗户;5%上一次拖地还是一年前;5%从不洗衣服。

调查对象中，63%觉得家中卫生状况不尽如人意;60%承认自己家从来没有一尘不染的时候;57%觉得自己家仿佛“猪圈”;三分之一因家中脏乱差遭亲戚朋友批评;超过半数因家中乱糟糟与伴侣发生口角。

九成人自认讲究整洁

家中如此情况如何见人?调查发现，73%的调查对象常在客人到访前把杂物塞在垫子下或沙发后;60%锁上某间房，以免客人看到一团乱;超过两成曾因为家中一团乱而将他人拒之门外。

至于原因，超过三成认为自己太忙，实在没有时间打扫卫生;另有39%坦承自己不喜欢清扫;21%则觉得自己不善于打扫。大约四分之一的调查对象认为，相对家中卫生状况，还有更重要的事情要做。

不过，无论家中脏乱成什么样，九成调查对象认为自己是讲究整洁的人。

海绵制造公司发言人建议化整为零，利用小块时间打扫局部，积少成多。

“家庭卫生”英语怎么说?

domestic hygiene

双语例句

1. This indicated fully that public's domestic hygiene consciousness is generally high. 这充分表明，公众的家庭卫生意识普遍较高。

2. Founded in 1994 with the focus on research and development of anti-insect product for family health. 创办与1994年，专注于家庭卫生杀虫系列产品的研发、生产和经营。

3. The textile articles are sterilized by boiling or other method for personal and family hygiene. 为了个人和家庭卫生，纺织品可以通过沸煮或其它方式消毒。

4. Philips Charts Course for Future of Healthcare with Focus on Home Healthcare Solutions. 飞利浦图表为未来的医疗保健，重点是家庭卫生保健解决方案。

5. Should attach importance to the family and kindergarten children's mental health problem. 家庭和幼儿园都应重视幼儿的心理卫生问题。

托福阅读材料：超市如何“偷走”我们的钱

Do you ever wander through the grocery store and end up spending more than you were budgeting for? Don't beat yourself up over it — supermarkets actually have several different strategies to trick customers into blowing bucks. Be on the alert and watch out for the sneaky psychology tactics these stores will try to use on you.

你有过在超市里逛来逛去，最后却发现买的比预计要多吗?对此你不用自责——事实上，超市为了诱导消费者买更多东西，有很多不同的策略。对这些超市试图用在你身上的心理学诡计，你可要保持警惕。

1. 10 For $10

1. 10元钱买10样

10 for $10 sounds like a great deal. However, you'll get the same savings even if you only buy one item, according to the New York Times. A grocery store survey recently found that people bought way more items when they see 10 for $10 deals vs. five for $5 and one for $1 sales. Even if you aren't buying 10 items, your mind will trick you into thinking that the item is such a great deal that you end up buying more of it.

10元钱买10样听起来很合算，然而，据纽约时报报道，你就算只买一样也同样能省钱。最近一项针对百货店的调查发现，当人们看到“10元买10样”、“5元买5样”、“1元买一样”时，他们会买更多东西。即使你没有买十样，但你会想既然东西这么划算，那就多买一些好了。

2. Growing Carts

2. 变大的购物车

No, you're not shrinking; it's the grocery carts that are growing. The larger the cart, the more likely you'll end up spending more, so try to stick to a hand basket instead.

不，不是你在缩小，是超市的购物车在变大。购物车越大，你就越有可能消费得更多，所以你还是拿手提篮子吧。

3. Pre-Cut Vegetables and Fruits

3. 事先切好的蔬菜和水果

Pre-cut veggies look so attractive, with their colorful packaging and its promise of less work (no need to wash or chop!). However, they aren't exactly a good deal. Consumer Reports found that pre-cut veggies and fruits can be a lot more expensive than the whole items. The team noted that a $1.50 six-ounce bag of shredded carrots costs about five times more than a similar amount of whole carrots.Not to mention, these pre-cut veggies and fruits go bad faster than their whole counterparts.

事先切好的蔬菜看起来很诱人，有色彩鲜艳的包装，并且也省去我们不少功夫(不需要清洗和切了)。然而，他们却并不划算。消费者报告发现事先切好的蔬菜和水果要比未经处理的贵不少。该报告指出，一包1.5美元切好的6盎司胡萝卜比没切过的要贵5倍。更不用说这些处理好的蔬菜水果，比那些完整的坏得更快。

4. Items at the Checkout Counter

4. 收银台前的商品

Ever wonder why all those magazines and yummy candy are crammed in the front of checkout counters? It's one of the supermarket's tricks to get you to succumb to last-minute purchases while you're waiting in line.

你有想过为什么这些杂志和美味的糖果都摆在收银台前卖吗?这是超市的诡计之一，当你排队等候时，还能抓住最后的机会让你买东西。

5. Where Is Everything?

5. 东西摆在哪?

You think you have the layout of your local supermarket down pat when you find out they changed shelves again! The stores are actually doing it on purpose, because if you don't know where the items are, you'll end up spending more time in the store. More time to browse means more chances to tempt you into buying more items.

当你认为对超市布局了如指掌时，他们又把货架换了地方!事实上，超市是有意这样做的，因为如果你不知道东西在哪儿，就要花更多时间在超市里找，找的时间越长，就越可能诱惑你买更多东西。

托福阅读材料之情侣之间爱意的表达与健康的关系

Good news, lovebirds! If you're planning to celebrate with your Valentine in the coming weeks, get ready to toast to your health.

情侣们，好消息来啦!如果已经计划和另一半共度即将到来的情人节，这要是提升健康的好机会哦。

Earlier this week, a researcher at the Medical University of Vienna spread some good news in honor of National Hug Day. He pointed out that hugging someone you care about can ease stress and anxiety, lower blood pressure and even boost memory.

本周初，维也纳医药大学的研究者为纪念全国拥抱日公布了这个好消息，研究指出拥抱你关心的人能减轻压力和焦虑，降低血压甚至提高记忆力。

While the association between hugging and your health isn't new, it's especially relevant this time of year -- with Valentine's Day on the horizon and many couples hurrying to cuddle away the frigid temperatures sweeping across much of the nation.

拥抱和健康之间的联系早已不是什么新闻了，尤其到了每年这个时候——情人节在即，全国范围内的众多情侣们也会急于用拥抱来温暖这个冬天。

Experts believe it all comes back to the hormone oxytocin. A simple embrace seems to increase levels of the ”love hormone,“ which has been linked to social bonding.

专家们认为这全是荷尔蒙催产素的功劳。简单的拥抱能提升这种被称为“爱的荷尔蒙”的指数，此荷尔蒙与社交也密切相关。

That oxytocin boost seems to have a greater calming effect on women than men, the BBC reported. In one study, the stress-reducing effects of a brief hug in the morning carried throughout a tough work day, USA Today reported.

BBC报道称，催产素的增加似乎对女性更有镇静的效果。今日美国报道称一项研究显示清晨的一个简单拥抱能起到持续一天减压的效果。

Perhaps the best news of all is that hugging isn't the only way getting close to your Valentine can boost your health. A few others also have big benefits:

当然，拥抱并不是情人节时提高健康的唯一办法，下面这些同样也有大好处哦：

Cuddling

搂抱

Call it an extended hug -- cuddling also releases stress-easing oxytocin, which can reduce blood pressure and bond you with your mate. But you may not have guessed that a little cuddle time can help you and your partner communicate better. ”Non-verbal communication can be a very powerful way to say to your partner, 'I get you,'“ marriage and family therapist David Klow told Shape magazine. ”Cuddling is a way of saying, 'I know how you feel.' It allows us to feel known by our partner in ways that words can't convey.“

这是拥抱的加长版，同样能释放降压的催产素，能降低血压同时让你俩更亲密。你绝对想不到稍稍拥抱一会还能促进你俩之间的交流吧。婚姻与家庭临床专家David Kolw对Shape杂志表示：非言语交流也是告诉另一半“我拥有你”的最有力的方式。拥抱也是交流的一种方式，“我能理解你的感受”，这让我们能感受到另一半身上某些无法用言语表达的东西。

Talking

交谈

Speaking of communication -- even just spending time together without touching can put you at ease and lower blood pressure, compared to spending time with someone less significant, according to the BBC. Not to mention that making the effort to communicate openly can only strengthen your relationship.

说到交流，根据BBC的报道，相较于和那些不是很重要的人在一起而言，和伴侣在一起也能让你感到平静，即使不相互触摸也能降低血压，而畅所欲言的交谈更是可以期待加强感情的效果。

Kissing

亲吻

Of course, kissing has also been shown to affect oxytocin and cortisol levels, and, just like hugging and cuddling, can reduce stress. But one of the more surprising pros of puckering up is a cleaner kisser. The increase in saliva production that comes along with a smooch can wash bacteria off teeth and help fight plaque buildup.

和拥抱、搂抱一样，亲吻当然也能对催产素和皮质醇指数起到影响，能减轻压力。但最重要的优点之一还在于能清洁口腔。唾液分泌的增加能清扫牙齿表面的细菌，帮助血小板的形成。

Sex

滚床单

In addition to relaxing you and burning some calories, some time between the sheets can help you fight off germs. As long as your partner isn't already sick, a couple of sexy escapades a week can boost a particular antibody that fights off colds, according to a study. Sex may also promote better sleep, thanks to both the relaxing effects of that oxytocin and an increase in a hormone called prolactin, which is normally higher during sleep, according to Women's Health.

除去放松和燃烧脂肪，不时的滚滚床单还能帮你对抗细菌哦。的研究显示，只要你的伴侣没有生病，一周几次的滚床单能提高一种特定抵抗感冒的抗体。根据《女性健康》杂志的报道，由于催产素的放松效果，以及催乳激素(睡眠时一种指数较高的激素)的增加，滚床单还能提高睡眠质量。

TPO4托福阅读Passage2原文+题目+答案解析

篇6：托福TPO3阅读真题原文题目及答案Part2

Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer

The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.

The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950s onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wells now tap the Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States. In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.

This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate-that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply-has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980.

The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region's water supplies.

In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers.

Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground. Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.

Paragraph 1: The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.

篇7：托福TPO3阅读真题原文题目及答案Part2

1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about the High Plains is true?

○Until farmers and ranchers settled there in the 1880s, the High Plains had never been inhabited.

○The climate of the High Plains is characterized by higher-than-average temperatures.

○The large aquifer that lies underneath the High Plains was discovered by the Ogallala Sioux Indians.

○Before the early 1900s there was only a small amount of farming and ranching in the High Plains.

Paragraph 2: The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

2. According to paragraph 2, all of the following statements about the Ogallala aquifer are true EXCEPT:

○The aquifer stretches from South Dakota to Texas.

○The aquifer's water comes from underground springs.

○Water has been gathering in the aquifer for 30,000 years.

○The aquifer's water is stored in a layer of sandstone.

3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the region's climate keeps the rates of water addition very small.

○Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year, it will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron.

○Because of the region's present climatic conditions, water is being added each year to the aquifer.

○Even when the region experiences unfortunate climatic conditions, the rates of addition of water continue to increase.

Paragraph 3: The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950s onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wells now tap the Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States. In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.

4. The word ”ensuing“ in the passage is closest in meaning to

○continuing

○surprising

○initial

○subsequent

5. In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information that 40 percent of American cattle are fattened in the High Plains?

○To suggest that crop cultivation is not the most important part of the economy of the High Plains

○To indicate that not all economic activity in the High Plains is dependent on irrigation

○To provide another example of how water from the Ogallala has transformed the economy of the High Plains

○To contrast cattle-fattening practices in the High Plains with those used in other region of the United States

Paragraph 4: This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate-that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply-has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980.

6. The word ”unprecedented“ in the passage is closest in meaning to

○difficult to control

○without any restriction

○unlike anything in the past

○rapidly expanding

7. The word ”virtually“ in the passage is closest in meaning to

○clearly

○perhaps

○frequently

○almost

8. According to paragraph 4, all of following are consequences of the heavy use of the Ogallala aquifer for irrigation EXCEPT:

○The recharge rate of the aquifer is decreasing.

○Water tables in the region are becoming increasingly lower.

○Wells now have to be dug to much greater depths than before.

○Increasingly powerful pumps are needed to draw water from the aquifer.

9. According to paragraph 4, compared with all other states that use Ogallala water for irrigation, Texas

○has the greatest amount of farmland being irrigated with Ogallala water

○contains the largest amount of Ogallala water underneath the soil

○is expected to face the worst water supply crisis as the Ogallala runs dry

○uses the least amount of Ogallala water for its irrigation needs

Paragraph 5: The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region's water supplies.

10. The word ”inevitable" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○unfortunate

○predictable

○unavoidable

○final

11. Paragraph 5 mentions which of the following as a source of difficulty for some farmers who try to conserve water?

○Crops that do not need much water are difficult to grow in the High Plains.

○Farmers who grow crops that need a lot of water make higher profits.

○Irrigating less frequently often leads to crop failure.

○Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.

Paragraph 6: In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground. Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.

12.According to paragraph 6, what is the main disadvantage of the proposed plans to transport river water to the High Plains?

○The rivers cannot supply sufficient water for the farmer's needs.

○Increased irrigation costs would make the products too expensive.

○The costs of using capillary water for irrigation will increase.

○Farmers will be forced to switch to genetically engineered crops.

Paragraph 5: The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. █Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. █The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region's water supplies. █

Paragraph 6: In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. █Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground. Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.

13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage

But even if uncooperative farmers were to join in the conservation efforts, this would only delay the depletion of the aquifer.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The Ogallala aquifer is a large underground source of water in the High Plains region of the United States.

●

●

●

Answer choices

○The use of the Ogallala for irrigation has allowed the High Plains to become one of the most productive agricultural regions in the United States.

○Given the aquifer's low recharge rate, its use for irrigation is causing water tables to drop and will eventually lead to its depletion.

○Releasing capillary water and introducing drought-resistant crops are less-promising solutions to the water supply crisis than bringing in river water

○The periodic deepening of wells and the use of more-powerful pumps would help increase the natural recharge rate of the Ogallala.

○In Texas, a great deal of attention is being paid to genetic engineering because it is there that the most critical situation exists.

○Several solutions to the upcoming water supply crisis have been proposed, but none of them promises to keep the costs of irrigation low.

篇8：托福TPO3阅读真题原文题目及答案Part2

参考答案：

1. ○4

2. ○2

3. ○1

4. ○4

5. ○3

6. ○3

7. ○4

8. ○1

9. ○3

10. ○3

11. ○2

12. ○2

13. ○3

14. The use of the Ogallala for…

Given the aquifer's low recharge…

Several solutions to the upcoming…

托福TPO3阅读翻译Part2

奥加拉拉蓄水层的枯竭

19世纪80年代，在美国中部北美大平原的广阔草原上定居着农场主们和牧场主们。这里有着半干旱的气候，在人们定居50年后，它支撑了一个以畜牧业和小麦种植为主的低密度农业经济。然而，在20世纪初，人们发现北美大平原的大部地下是巨大的蓄水层(含有大量地下水的岩层)。这个蓄水层因曾经在这里定居过的奥加拉拉苏族印第安人而得名，被称作奥加拉拉蓄水层。

奥加拉拉蓄水层属于砂岩结构，在从德克萨斯州西北到南达科塔州南部的地下绵延了58.3万平方公里。雨水和融雪自3万年前便开始在奥加拉拉蓄积。据估计，奥加拉拉蓄水层的含水量足以填满休伦湖，但不幸的是，在目前该地区半干旱的气候条件下，奥加拉拉蓄水层的蓄水能力极低，每年仅半厘米左右。

20世纪30年代初，奥加拉拉正处于干旱时期，人们打出了第一口井。灌溉农业的迅速扩张，特别是20世纪50年代之后，改变了这一地区的经济。目前人们已经在奥加拉拉地区共开凿了10万多口井。日喷水量达到450万升的现代灌溉设备，形成了一个圆形绿岛作物为主的景观。奥加拉拉蓄水层支撑了北美大平原地区棉花、高粱、小麦、玉米的灌溉需求。此外，美国40%谷饲养的肉牛在这里被育肥。

考虑到几乎没有补充率(实质上没有自然水资源进行补充)，这种有限地下水资源前所未有的发展已经引起了该地区地下水位的急剧下降。在20世纪30年代，井下15米就有丰富的水资源，而现在，必须挖掘到45米到60米甚至更深的地方才行。有的地方地下水位的下降速度甚至达到了每年1米，迫使人们周期性的加深水井并使用更有力的水泵。按现今的下降速度来估计，大部分地下蓄水将在40年内耗尽。这种现象在气候最干旱的德克萨斯州尤为严重。大量的水被从地下抽起，蓄水层含水量最少。据估计，到2030年，德克萨斯州余下的奥加拉拉含水只能支持1980年灌溉面积的35%到40%。

农场主们对无法避免的奥加拉拉蓄水层枯竭的反应各不相同。很多人已经开始尝试通过降低灌溉频率或者改种需水较少的庄稼来节约水资源。而另外一些人却抱着趁水资源还能产生经济效益就应抓紧利用的想法，继续种植高价值的棉花等农作物。当那些想节水的农场主得知邻居们通过大量耗水的种植而盈利的时候，他们的热情降低了，从而导致了整个区域的供水量的减少。

在即将到来的水资源供应危机面前，人们提出了一些宏伟的供水计划，比如将密西西比河、密苏里河或者阿肯色河的水通过运河或管道运到需要用水的地方。不幸的是，通过以上任何一种方式获得水资源都会将抽水的成本提高10倍以上，进而导致这一地区的灌溉农产品成本在国内和国际市场上失去竞争力。最近一些有希望获得成功的试验试图通过向土壤中注入压力，释放水层上方土壤中的毛细管水。即使这样行之有效，抽水成本会变到原来的3倍。基因工程也会通过继续研发抗旱作物新品种，帮助解决部分难题。无论这次水资源危机的最终结果如何，显然，北美大平原地区灌溉水资源再也不会像20世纪中期农业繁荣时期的那样充足并且廉价了。

篇9：托福TPO19阅读原文+题目+答案解析-Succession,Climax,andEcosystems

为了帮助更多的 托福 考生们进行备考，特整理了关于托福TPO阅读部分，托福TPO是托福考生的必备资料，涵盖了历年考试的大量题型，帮助考生们提升高效备考效率。 下面一起来看看托福TPO19阅读原文+题目+答案解析-Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems。

托福TPO19阅读原文+题目+答案解析-Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems

1.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is a criticism of Clements' view of succession?

A. The principles of succession are more lawlike than Clements thought they are.

B. More evidence is needed to establish Clements’ predictions about succession.

C. The details of succession are affected by random processes.

D. Many of the factors that determine which plants will grow in an environment, such as the nature of the soil and the exposure to sun, do not change at all.

正确答案：C

题目解析：

C 本段较短，可以快速扫完，也可以用人名和succession做关键词定位至最后一句，说很多因素都可以影响succession，所以正确答案是C。D提到了many factors，但change是原文没说的，错;A的比较原文没说，错;B是最具有迷惑性的选项，因为原文说没有被证实，也就是已经建立了只是没证实，但B说需要更多证据来建立Clemens的预测，也就是没建立，而且预测也不对，所以A错。

2.The word “substantiated” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. confirmed

B. noticed

C. defined

D. publicized

正确答案：A

题目解析：

A substantiate: 证实，确认。A是确证;B是发现;C是定义;D是宣传。所以正确答案是A的confirm。

3.The word “trend” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. probability

B. picture

C. lawlike regularity

D. tendency

正确答案：D

题目解析：

D, trend: 趋势。A是可能性;B是图片，景色;C是想法律一样的规则性;D是趋势。所以D的tendency正确。

4.The word “likewise” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. sometimes

B. similarly

C. apparently

D. consequently

正确答案：B

题目解析：

B likewise: 同样地，此外。A是有时候;相似的;明显的;因此，结果。所以B的similarly是正确答案。

5.The word “legitimately” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. commonly

B. broadly

C. properly

D. officially

正确答案：C

题目解析：

C 这道题很多同学误选D. 其实，C properly 更好。前句说一些学者接受Clements， 对于climax的concept, 但拒绝C对于climax作为superorganism特征的概括。然后做了一个对比区分。An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism…. But there is no evidence for such an interacting communicative network in a climax plant formation. 这个对比区分的是两个范畴，动物的和植物的。如果把legitimately 理解为officially, formally,应该只举一个植物范畴的例子，构成“正式、官方、权威”和实际情况的转折。现在是两个范畴的对比，应该理解成： 一个领域“合理，有道理，正确”，另外一个领域“没有证据，没有道理”

6.According to paragraph 4, why do many authors prefer the term “association” to “community” when describing a climax plant formation?

A. Because the term “association” does not suggest the presence of a tight network involving interactive communication.

B. Because the term “association” indicates that the grouping is not necessarily beneficial to all members.

C. Because the term “community” indicates continuing dynamic development that a climax formation does not have.

D. Because the term “community” suggests an organization that has been designed for a specific purpose

正确答案：A

题目解析：

A 细节题题，先读修辞点所在句子，in order to告诉你这句话中就含有目的了，将in order to后面的内容读了就找到答案，原句说为了强调这种互动的松散性，很多作者更愿意使用association，原文都说了是为了强调松散性，所以答案是A，不存在紧的network。B的beneficial to all members，C的dynamic development和D的specific purpose原文都没说。

7.In paragraph 5, the author challenges the idea of a “biome” by noting that

A. there are usually no very strong connections among the plants and animals living in a place

B. plants and animals respond in the same way to the same circumstances

C. particular combinations of flora and fauna do not generally come about purely by chance

D. some animals are dependent on specific kinds of plants for food

正确答案：A

题目解析：

A 以biome做关键词定位至第二句，由于这句只是给出了biome的概念，没有challenge，所以往下看，下句说尽管有些动物与植物的关系是紧密的，但还是不能说biome，比如他们之间没有internal cohesion，所以答案是A，动植物之间没有紧密关系。B和C原文都没讲;D的food原文也没说，而且D也不是challenge上文提到的概念的，所以不对。

8.Why does the author make the statement, “Indeed, there are vast areas of spruce forest without moose” ?

A. To highlight a fact whose significance the ecologist Herbert Gleason had missed

B. To propose the idea that a spruce forest is by itself a superorganism

C. To emphasize that moose are not limited to a single kind of environment

D. To criticize the idea of a spruce-moose biome

正确答案：D

题目解析：

D 修辞目的题，修辞点就是一个句子，所以看前一句，前句说spruce种群不受moose是否存在的影响，依然还是一个例子，所以看中心句，注意这段文字的中心句不是第一句，而是上一题中提到的第二句，说spruce-moose biome是不对的，所以答案是D。

9.The word “initiated” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. approved

B. identified

C. started

D. foreseen

正确答案：C

题目解析：

C initiate: 开始，首创。A是同意;B是核实;C是开始;D是预见。所以正确答案是C的started。

10.According to paragraph 5, Gleason’s opposition to the Clementsian views of plant ecology was based on the claim that plant species grow in places where

A. they can enter into mutually beneficial relationships with other species

B. conditions suit them, regardless of whether particular other species are present

C. habitats are available for a wide variety of plant and animal species

D. their requirements are met, and those of most other species are not

正确答案：B

题目解析：

B 以Christian和species做关键词定位至最后两句，倒数第二句说反对，最后一句说反对的原因，物种的分布取决于环境，只是自身生态学的结果。也就是跟其他物种无关，所以答案是B。既然说跟其他物种无关，A和D就不对，C也说了大量物种，与原文不同。

11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Unlike the terms “climax”, “biome,” and “superorganism,” which refer to the particular association of plants and animals at a given location, the term “ecosystem” refers specifically to the physical factors within an environment.

B. The terms “climax,” “biome,” “superorganism,” and “ecosystem” all refer to the system of plants and animals in an associated environment, but some are more controversial than others.

C. When the older terms of ecology became too technical, they were replaced by the more popular and more widely used term “ecosystem.”

D. The term “ecosystem” gradually replaced discredited terms for the combination of a physical environment and the plants and animals living together in it.

正确答案：D

题目解析：

D原句当中的with结构是非主要成分，主要成分是：采用了ecosystem形容生物和环境的associated system，正确答案D。A的后半句错，eco不是单只physical factor，而是系统;B和C都错在将原句的主干和非主干混合，不选。

12.According to paragraph 6, what did ecologists mainly study when the ecosystem concept was the dominant paradigm?

A. The physical factors present in different environments

B. The typical activities of animals and the effect of those activities on plants

C. The rates at which ecosystems changed from one kind to another

D. The flow of energy and matter through ecosystems

正确答案：D

题目解析：

D，以ecologist做关键词定位至最后一句，说生态学家最关注的是特定生态系统里物质与能量的传递及其速率，所以答案是D。A和B都没说，C的rate原文有说，但原文说的是物质和能量传递的速率，不是答案说的ecosystem改变的速率，所以C错。

13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit ?

They may be more interested in researching, for example, the adaptations that some aquatic animals undergo to survive in dry desert environments..

正确答案：C

题目解析：

C 两个过渡点，代词they和名词adaption，从名词adaption可以得出B或者C正确;代词they指的是倒数第二句中的younger ecologists，所以they应该放在名词之后，所以B错C对。

14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provied below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The study of the combination of plant species that inhabit a particular locality became a scientific discipline toward the end of the nineteenth century.

A.Areas that are recovering from serious disturbances like volcanic eruptions and heavy floods provide special opportunities to observe the development of plant communities.

B.Whether a given species will be found in a given ecosystem strongly depends on what other species it would interact with in that ecosystem.

C.Computer-aided studies of entire system of associated organisms together with their environment provide a solid basis for current studies of specific ecological problems.

D.According to the earliest theories of ecology, the development of plant communities proceeds in lawlike fashion and results in stable climax communities.

E.The idea of associations of plants and animals that function as “superorganisms” was later rejected by biologists who saw no strong evidence in support of that idea.

F.The once popular idea of communities as integrated ecosystems has been largely rejected by modern ecologists, who are more interested in problems involving behavior and adaptations.

正确答案：DEF

题目解析：

D.E.F Areas选项MS是第一段中的一个细节，但提供研究机会原文完全没讲，不选。Whether选项与第五段的最后一句相反，不选.Computer选项与第七段第三句说反，而且即使说对也是个细节，不选.According选项对应原文第二和第三段的首句，正确.The idea选项对应原文第四段第二句，正确.The once选项对应原文第七段第一句，正确.

新托福阅读背景知识：麦克米兰计划

The McMillan Plan

As the city approached its centennial; there was a call to develop a comprehensive park system for the city. As early as 1898, a committee was formed to meet with President William McKinley to propose the erection of a monument to commemorate the centennial of the city. A joint committee formed by Congress held its first meeting in February 1900 with Senator James McMillan of Michigan as chairman, and Charles Moore as secretary. At the same time, plans were put forward for the development of a Mall which would include the newly reclaimed Potomac Flats. As the bureaucracy planned for the centennial, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) joined the fray. AIA leaders envisioned the nation's capital as the perfect place for the group to express the ideals of the City Beautiful movement promoted by the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The architect of this pivotal fair designed Beaux Arts Classical architecture in a grand and ordered civic space.

When the Senate Commission was formed in 1901 to explore and plan the design of the city, the project then encompassed the historic core. The illustrious committee was comprised of Daniel Burnham, a visionary of the World's Columbian Exposition, as well as landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., architect Charles F.McKim, and sculptor Augustus St. Gardens.

Foremost in the minds of these men was the amazing foresight and genius of Pierre L'Enfant. The committee lamented the fragmented Mall marred by a railroad station and focused upon restoring it to the uninterrupted greensward envisioned by L'Enfant. In total, the forward-looking plans made by the McMillan Commission called for: re-landscaping the ceremonial core, consisting of the Capitol Grounds and Mall, including new extensions west and south of the Washington Monument; consolidating city railways and alleviating at-grade crossings; clearing slums; designing a coordinated municipal office complex in the triangle formed by Pennsylvanian Avenue, 15th Street, and the Mall, and establishing a comprehensive recreation and park system that would preserve the ring of Civil War fortifications around the city.

To protect the new goals introduced by the McMillan study, the AIA appealed to President Theodore Roosevelt to form a fine arts commission. Established by Congress in 1910 during the Taft Administration, the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) was created as a consulting organization to the government on the design of bridges, parks, paintings, and other artistic matters; an executive order later that year added the design review of all public buildings.

Influenced by the designs of several European cities and 18th century gardens such as France's Palace of Versailles, the plan of Washington, DC was symbolic and innovative for the new nation. Only limited changes were made to the historic city-bounded by Florida Avenue on the north and the waterways on the east, west and south-until after the Civil War. The foremost manipulation of L’Enfant plan began in the 19th century, and was codified in 1901 when the McMillan Commission directed urban improvements that resulted in the most elegant example of City Beautiful tenets in the nation. L’Enfant plan was magnified and expanded during the early decades of the 20th century with the reclamation of land for waterfront parks, parkways, an improved Mall and new monuments and vistas. Two hundred years since its design, the integrity of the plan of Washington is largely unimpaired-boasting a legal enforced height restriction, landscaped parks, wide avenues, and open space allowing intended vistas. Constant vigilance is needed by the agencies responsible for design review, it their charge to continue the vision of L'Enfant.

新托福阅读背景知识：伟大的民主诗人怠特曼

伟大的民主诗人怠特曼

美国19世纪的民主精神在惠特曼的《草叶集》(1855)里得到充分发挥。他以丰富、博大、包罗万象的气魄反映了广大劳动群众在民主革命时期的乐观向上精神。他歌颂劳动，歌颂大自然，歌颂物质文明，歌颂“个人”的理想形象;他的歌颂渗透着对人类的广泛的爱。诗人以豪迈、粗犷的气概蔑视蓄奴制和一切不符合自由民主理想的社会现象。他那种奔放的自由诗体，同他的思想内容一样，也是文学史上的创新，产生了广泛的影响。

新托福阅读背景知识：钟乳石的形成

关于钟乳石的形成

石灰岩洞中的钟乳石、石笋是怎样形成的

桂林是世界闻名的风景区，山奇水秀，风景美丽，因此自古就有“桂林山水甲天下”之称。桂林除山水美之外，还有更具特色的石灰岩洞，七星岩是比较有代表性的溶洞。洞内到处悬垂着美丽的钟乳石，有的像累累的果实，有的像盛开的花朵。与之相对应的石笋拔地而起，一个个像春天从地面下“冒”出来的竹笋。

那么这些奇丽的钟乳石和石笋是怎样形成的呢?

原来“盛产”钟乳石和石笋的溶洞都是石灰岩构成的。洞顶有很多的裂隙，每一处裂隙里都有水滴渗透出来。每当水分蒸发掉后，那里就会留下一些石灰质的沉淀，日积月累，天长日久洞顶上的石灰质愈积愈多，终于形成了乳头。以后，乳头外面又包起一层石灰质，以至越垂越长，就形成了姿态万千的钟乳石。

石笋其实就是钟乳石的孪生兄弟。当洞顶上的水滴落下来时，石灰质也在地面上沉积起来，就这样石笋对着钟乳石向上长起来，若是说钟乳石是“兄长”，那石笋就是“孪生弟弟”了。

而石笋底盘大，本身比较稳定不易折断，所以它比钟乳石的生长速度还要快，还要粗壮呢。

托福TPO19阅读原文+题目+答案解析-Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems

篇10：托福阅读推断题题目及答案

Paragraph 3：Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers?

They make bringing the oil to the surface easier.

They signal the presence of huge oil reserves.

They waste more oil than they collect.

They are unlikely to occur nowadays.

托福阅读推断题练习题答案：4

篇11：托福阅读推断题题目及答案

Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?

It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.

It prevents most groundwater from circulating.

It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.

It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.

托福阅读推断题练习题答案：3

篇12：托福阅读推断题题目及答案

Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?

They become less stable as they mature.

They support many species when they reach climax.

They are found in temperate zones.

They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.

托福阅读推断题练习题答案：3

★ 托福听力天文地理篇(astronomy&geology)

★ 备考托福听力都需要注意哪些问题

★ 托福五个月复习计划如何制定

★ 托福阅读学术性文章2大结构分析指点

★ 托福阅读备考之长难句分析：地球上的二氧化碳

★ 托福阅读备考之长难句分析：天然维生素

★ 托福听力内容连接排序题解析

★ 托福听力提高做题效率3个训练步骤讲解

★ 托福110经验

★ 托福听力备考攻略

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