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篇1:关于小学介词英语语法
介词又叫前置词,是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间关系的词,它一般放在名词、代词(宾格)或动词(动词ing形式)前面。
1、in
① 在……里面。如:in the classroom
② in+颜色,穿着……颜色的衣服。如:Who‟s the man in white?
③ in+语言,用某种语言说。如:What‟s this in English?
④ 在上午、下午、晚上。如:in the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening
⑤ 在年、月、季节前。如:in ,in August,in summer
⑥ 在国家、城市和较大的地方前。如:in China,in Wuxi,in the playground
⑦ 固定搭配。 如:in the middle of(在……中间),do well in(擅长),in the day(在白天),take part in(参加),stay in bed(躺在床上),in the street(在街上)
2、on
①在……上面。 如:on the desk
②用在某一天(上、下午)前。如:on the 5th of May,on Sunday,on Monday morning
③以Day结尾的节日前。如: on Children‟s Day,on New Year‟s Day
④固定搭配。如:on foot(步行),on duty(值日),put on(穿上),get on(上车) turn on(打开),on the right / left(在右边/左边),on the wall (在墙上),on Zhongshan Road(在中山路上)
注 意:树上长的水果用on the tree;不是树上长的外来物用in the tree。 如:I can see a lot of apples on the tree. There is a boy in the tree.
3、at
①在某个时刻前。如:at seven o‟clock
②在传统节日前。如:at Spring Festival,at Mid-Autumn Festival,at Christmas
③在较小的地点。如:at the bus stop
④固定搭配。如:at once(立刻,马上),be good at(擅长……),look at(看),at home(在家),at school(在学校), at weekends(在周末), at the back of(在……后部), at night(在夜晚)
4、under 在……下面 如:There is a cat under the table.
5、behind 在……后面 如:There is an umbrella behind the door.
6、near 靠近…… 如:There is a park near my house.
7、beside 在……旁边 如:The students are standing beside the teacher.
8、next to 紧靠……旁边 如:The teachers‟ office is next to our classroom.
9、before (时间上)在……之前 如: before class(上课前)
10、after (时间上)在……之后;依照 固定搭配: after class(课后),after school(放学后),look after(照看),run after(追赶),read after me(跟我读)
11、between 在两者之间 如:There are some trees between Building A and Building B.
12、by 乘某种交通工具 如:by bus,by plane,by the way(顺便说一下)
13、from
①be from = come from(来自……) 如:Mr Smiths is/comes from Australia.
②from…to…(从……到……)We go to school from Monday to Friday.
14、to 到、去…… 如:Let‟s go to the zoo. 固定搭配:write to(给xx写信)
15、about 关于;大约
如: I want to buy a book about animals. It‟s about one kilometer away.
16、for 为、给…… 如:Here‟s a letter for you. What‟s for breakfast?
固定搭配:look for (寻找),wait for(等候)
17、with
①与……一起。如:I‟ll go shopping with my mother.
②具有某种特征。如:Who‟s the boy with big eyes?
③help... with... 在某方面帮助某人 如: Can you help me with my English?
④play with... 和……一起玩;拿……玩 如:play with me,play with a yo-yo
18、in front of 在……前面
如:There is a tree in front of the classroom.
in the front of 在……前部 如:There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom.
19、along 沿着,顺着
如:Go along this street.
20、as 作为
如:What would you like as a birthday present?
21、out of 从……出来;往……之外 如:The dog is running out of the house.
22、of ……的,属于…… 如:a map of China ,a map of the world
23、off 离开,在……之外 如:keep off the grass(勿踏草坪),get off(下车)
24、up 向上 如:stand up(起立),pull up carrots(拔胡萝卜)
25、down 向下 如:sit down(坐下), jump up and down(上下跳)
篇2:介词英语语法
介词英语语法
在小学英语中,介词学习的比重占了课程的很大一部分,掌握好介词也是为以后学英语奠定基础的关键之一。有些孩子由于英语介词不过关而对英语怯步,如今在小升初临门一脚时,如何不让英语介词绊倒通往中学的大道?以下就来看看,他人是如何学习英语介词的?
首先来看看,at in与on在时间方面的用法:
at表示时间的一点;in表示一个时期;on表示特殊日子。如:
He goes to school at seven o’clock in the morning. 他早晨七点上学。
Can you finish the work in two days? 你能在两天内完成这个工作吗?
Linda was born on the second of May. 琳达五月二日出生。
1>. at后常接几点几分,天明,中午,日出,日落,开始等。如:
at five o’clock (五点),at down (黎明),at daybreak (天亮),at sunrise (日出),at noon (中午),at sunset (日落),at midnight (半夜),at the beginning of the month (月初), at that time (那时),at that moment (那会儿),at this time of day (在一天的这个时候)。
2>. in后常接年,月,日期,上午,下午,晚上,白天,季节,世纪等。如:
in ,in May, (五月),in the morning (早晨/上午),in the afternoon (下午),in the evening (晚上),in the night (夜晚),in the daytime (白天),in the 21st century (21世纪),in three days (weeks/month)三天(周/个月),in a week (一周),in spring (春季)。
3>. on后常接某日,星期几,某日或某周日的朝夕,节日等。如:
on Sunday (星期日),on a warm morning in April (四月的一个温暖的上午),on a December night (12月的一个夜晚),on that afternoon (那天下午),on the following night (下一个晚上),on Christmas afternoon (圣诞节下午),on October 1,1949 (1949年10月1日),on New Year’s Day (新年),on New Year’s Eve (除夕),on the morning of the 15th (15日的早上)等。
我们常用的方位介词有: in on to
在范围之内用in,在范围之外,如果两地接壤就用on 不接壤的用to如:
Beijing is in the north of China .
Japan is to the east of China .
Shanxi Province is on the west of Hebei Province .
更多介词如下:
表示时间:at, in, on, by, through
表示附近:near, by, beside, at
表示地点:at, in, on
表示除外:besides, except, except for, but
表示方位:in, to, on
表示上下:above, below, over, under, on, beneath
表示方式:by, through, with
表示原因:for, from, at, through, with, because of, due to, owing to, on account of, thanks to
表示价格比率对比:at, by, for, against
表示属性特性:of, with
还有:since, inside, out of, onto, into, without, instead of, from behind, until from, concerning, considering, following, including, regarding, respecting, saving等
更多介词用法如下:
1. at表示“在......处”,一般指较小的.比较具体的地点。如:He isn't at school. He is at home. 他不在学校,他在家。
2. in表示“在......内部;在......里面”的意思。如:What is in the box? 盒子里有什么?
3. on表示“在某物的上面”,但两者互相接触。如:My books are on that table. 我的书在那张桌子上。
4. under表示“在某物垂直的正下方”,两者之间不接触。如:My cat is under my chair. 我的猫在我的椅子下。
5. behind表示“在某物体的后面”。如:The broom is behind the door. 笤帚在门后。
6. in front of表示“在......的前面”,正好与behind相反。如:There are some big trees in front of our classroom. 我们教室前面有几棵大树。
7. near表示“在某物体的附近”,意为“接近、靠近”。如:The ball is near the door. 球在门旁边。
8.介词in, on, under, behind是表示静态位置的介词
篇3:英语语法:介词用法
一、介词to的常见用法
1.动词+to
a)动词+ to
adjust to适应,
attend to处理;照料,
agree to赞同,
amount to加起来达…,
belong to属于,
come to达到,
drink to为…干杯,
get to到达,
happen to发生在某人身上,
hold to紧握,
lead to通向,
listen to听,
occur to想起,
object to反对,
point to指向,
respond to回答,
refer to参考;指的是…;涉及,
reply to回答,
see to负责,
stick to坚持,
turn to求助,
write to给某人写信。
b)动词(+sth.)+to+sb.
announce to通知某人, describe to向某人描述, explain to向某人解释, express to对某人表达, mention to提及, nod to向某人点头, report to报告, say to告知, shout to对某人大叫, suggest to对某人提建议,speak to与某人交谈, talk to跟某人谈话, whisper to和某人低声耳语。
c)动词+sth./sb.+ to +sth./sb.
add to增加, compare to比作, carry to运送至, devote to致力于,introduce to介绍给, invite to邀请参加, join to连接到, leave to委托给,reduce to下降至, sentence to判处, take to带到。
2. be +形容词/过去分词+ to
be alive to觉察;晓得,
be attentive to注意;留心,
be awake to知晓,
be blind to缺乏眼光,
be close to紧挨着,
be common to对某人来说很普通,
be contrary to违反;反对,
be devoted to致力,
be deaf to不愿意听,
be equal to有…的力量,
be exposed to暴露;遭受,
be fair to对…公平,
be familiar to对某人来说熟悉,
be grateful to对某人心存感激,
be good to对…有好处,
be harmful to对…有危害,
be important to对…重要,
be kind to友好对待,
be known to周知于,
be married to嫁给,
be moved to转移到,
be near to靠近,
be necessary to对…有必要,
be opposite to在对面,
be opposed to反对,
be pleasant to合某人之意,
be proper to专属,
be polite to礼貌待人,
be rude to粗暴对待,
be relative to与…有关,
be strange to不习惯,
be similar to类似,
be suitable to适合,
be true to忠实,
be thankful to感激,
be useful to对…有用,
be used to习惯。
3.to+名词构成的词组
篇4:英语语法:介词用法
at的常见用法
at构成的词组比较多,要细心区分。
1.动词+ at
arrive at抵达,call at访问某地, catch at(it)当场抓住, come at攻击, fire at向…开火,glance at瞟一眼, glare at怒目而视, grieve at忧伤,knock at敲,laugh at嘲笑, look at看一眼, pull at拉扯, rejoice at对…高兴,smile at向某人微笑, shoot at朝…射击, stare at怒目而视,thrust at刺向, tear at撕, tremble at颤抖,wonder at吃惊,work at工作。
2. be +形容词/过去分词+ at
be angry at恼怒于, be alarmed at对…保持警觉,be astonished at对…吃惊, be bad at不擅长, be clever at对某事很灵巧,be delighted at高兴,be disgusted at厌恶, be disappointed at对…失望,be good at擅长, be impatient at对…不够耐心, be mad at狂热于,be pleased at对…感到高兴, be present at出席, be satisfied at满意,be surprised at吃惊, be shocked at对…非常震惊,be terrified at受到…的恐吓,be quick at对…很机敏。
3.at+名词构成的词组
at a distance在一定距离,at a loss不知所措, at a time一次,at all一点也不,at any cost不惜一切代价,at best最好也只是,at first起初,at hand手头,at heart在内心里,at home在家;无拘束,at last最后,at least至少,at most最多,at once马上,at present目前。
篇5:初中英语语法介词
初中英语的介词语法
(一)表示时间的介词:
1.at, in ,on
(1) at表示“在某一时刻、某一时点”
(2)in表示“在某月、季节、年、世纪”以及泛指的上、下午、晚上。
in September in winter in in the 20th century
in the morning/afternoon/evening
(3)on表示“在具体某一天或某天的上、下午”。泛指上、下午、晚上、夜间时用in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night;但若指具体某一天的上述时段时,则一律用on。
on Monday on April 1st
On the afternoon of May 23.
2.from, since, for
(1) from表示“等时间的起点”。
You can come anytime from Monday to Friday. 周一至周五你什幺时间来都行。
The exam will start from 9:00am. 考试将从上午九点开始。
(2) since表示“自从……以来(直到现在)”
He has been away from home since 1973. 他自从1973年就离开了家乡。
We have known each other since ten years ago.我们十年前就认识了。
(3) for 与since表示一段时间,但for与时间段连用,而since与时间点连用。
for two hours since last week
3.after, in, within
(1) after表示“在……之后”,是before的反义词。
We’ll hold a party after dinner. 晚餐后我们将举办晚会。
He got a cancer and died after a year. 他患了癌症,一年后去世了
(2) within“在……时间之内”
I can finish it within an hour. 我不需一小时就可把它做完。
(3) in 后面接过去的时间点表过去,若后面接一段时间,则表示“在……时间之后”
I was born in 1983.我出生于1983年。
My father will come back in three days.我爸爸将会在3天后回来。
(二)表示“地点、方向”的介词:
1.In, outside between, among
(1) in表示“在……里面”,如:
What’s in the box? 盒子里是什么?
She put her book in the desk. 她把书放进了书桌。
(2) outside指“在……外面”
There are many people outside the room. 房间外有很多人。
What did your see outside the hall? 你在大厅外看见了什么?
(3) between在……之间(指二者)
There is a hospital between the hotel and the post office. 在宾馆与邮局之间有所医院。
The building stands between the park and the small river. 那栋建筑位于公园和小河之间。
④among在……之间(指三者以上)
“There is a thief among you.” The policeman shouted to the crowd. 警察向人群喊道:“你们中间有个小偷!
He found his place among the crowd. 他在人群中找到了他的位置。
2.on, above, over, below, under
(1) on在……上面,表面相互接触。
There is an apple on the table. 桌上有一个苹果。
On the top of the hill, there is a flag. 山顶有一面旗子。
(2) above只表示“在……上方或位置高出……”,与below相对。
A plane flew above our heads. 一架飞机从我们头上飞过。
The Turners live above us. 特纳一家人住在我们的上面。
(3) over“在……正上方”,与under相对。
There is a bridge over the river. 河上有一座桥。
The picture is hanging over the blackboard. 那张图挂在黑板的正上方。
(4) below在……下方,低于……
There are many flowers below the window. 窗下有很多花。
Her skirt reaches just below her knees. 她的裙子刚到膝盖下。
(5) under在……正下方
They sat under a big tree, drinking. 他们坐在一棵大树下喝酒。
What are you wearing under your coat? 你外套里面穿了什么?
3.near, by, beside
(1) near在……附近,与far相对
A hospital was built near the railway station.在火车站附近建了一所医院。
My home is near he school. 我的家离学校很近。
(2) by = beside,靠近,在……旁边,比near距离更近
He just sat by/ beside me in the cinema.在电影院他就坐在我旁边。
He lay down beside the statuary. 他在雕像旁躺下了。
4.in front of, in the front of , behind, around
(1) in front of在……前面 , in the front of表示“在……前部”,指里面。
A river flows in front of the house.房子前有一条河
They put a bunch of flowers in front of the door. 他们在门前放了一束花。
There is a red chair in the front of the room.
在房间前半部有把红椅子。
(2) behind在……后面588.es
A high building stands behind the village.村子后面有一高层建筑。
The cat lies behind the door. 猫躺在门后面。
(3) around在……周围,围绕
There are many trees around the village.村子周围有很多树围绕。
There are flowers around the stage. 舞台周围摆着鲜花。
5.along, across, through
(1) along沿着
He likes to drive along the river.他喜欢沿着河开车。
There are all kinds of beautiful flowers along the road street. 沿街有着各种美丽的花。
(2) across横穿
The little girl is afraid to go across the street.这个小女孩不敢横穿马路。
It’s dangerous to run across the busy road. 跑着穿越繁忙的马路是很危险的。
(3) through穿过
It took us ten minutes to drive through the tunnel.开车穿过这条隧道花了我们10分钟时间。
He pushed his way through the crowd to the platform. 他从人群里挤到了站台。
6.at, in
二者都表示“在某个地方”,但at多指较小的地方,如车站、家等,而in多指在“大地方”,如城市、国家、大洲等。(但大小有时也是相对的)。
He lives at No.27 Zhongshan street in Nanjing.他住在南京市中山路27号。
The plane will arrive in Beijing at 13:00. 飞机将于13点到达北京。
英语介词口诀详解
1早、午、晚要用 in
例:in the morning 在早上
in the afternoon 在下午
in the evening 在晚上
in the day 在白天
2at 黎明、午、夜、点与分
例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候
at noon 在中午
at night 在夜间
at midnight 在午夜
以上短语都不用冠词
at six o'clock 在6点钟
at 7:30 (seven thirty) 在7点半
at half past eleven 在11点半
at nine fifteen 在9点15 分
at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分也可以写成 seven to five 5点差7分(半小时以上)
five minutes after two 2点过5分
at a quarter to two 1点45分
at the weekend 在周末
3年、月、年月、季节、周
即在“某年”,在“某月”,在“某年某月” (但在某年某月某日则用 on),在四季,在第几周等都要用 in。
例:
in 1986 在1986 年
in 1927 在1927 年
in April 在四月
in March 在三月
in December, 1986 1986年12月
in July, l983 1983年7月
in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季
in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季
in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周
in the third week 在第三周
4阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 in,即在阳光下,在灯下,在树阴下,穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用 in。
例:Don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。
They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。
They are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。
a prisoner in irons 带着镣铐的囚犯
He went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。
The poor dressed (clothed) in rags in old society. 旧社会穷人们衣衫褴褛。
以及:in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下
a merchant in disguise 乔装的商人
the woman in white (black, red, yellow) 穿着白(黑、红、黄)色衣服的妇女
in uniform 穿着制服
in mourning 穿着丧服
in brown shoes 穿着棕色鞋
in his shirt sleeves 穿着衬衫
5将来时态 in … 以后
例: They will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。
I'll come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。
We'll be back in no time. 我们一会儿就回来。
Come and see me in two days' time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始)
After … (从过去开始)
6小处 at 大处 in
例:Li and I arrived at Heishan county safe and sound, all is well. Don't worry.
李和我平安地到达黑山县,一切很好,勿念。
I live in a great city (big city), my sister lives at a small town while my parents live at a village. 我住在大城市,我姐姐住在一个小城镇,而我的父母则住在农村。
I'm in Liaoning, at Anshan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市.
有形 with 无形 by,语言、单位、材料 in
例:The workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路。(有形)
The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)
“Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy”is a good opera. <<智取威虎山>>是—出好戏。(无形)
The product is separated by distillation into gasoline and gas oil. 这种产品是用蒸馏分离出汽油和粗柴油。(表示方式、手段、方法——无形)
I really can't express my idea in English freely in-deed.
我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。(表示某种语言用 in)
I wrote a novel in Russian. 我用俄语写了一本小说。(同上)
The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system.
公里是米制中最长的长度单位。(表示度、量、衡单位的用 in )
The length is measured in meter, kilometre, and centimetre.
长度是以米、公里、厘米为单位来计算的。(同上)
This board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的,不是金铸的。
7特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用 in
特征或状态:
例: The Democratic Party was then in power. 那时民主党执政。
They found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。
He has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。
Many who came in despair went away in hope. 许多人带着绝望情绪而来,却满怀希望而去。
The house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。
The poor girl was in tears. 这个贫苦女孩泪流满面。
Her clothes were in rags. 她的衣服穿破了。
His shoes were in holes. 他的鞋穿出窟窿了。
I only said it in fun. 我说这话只是开玩笑的。
She spoke in grief rather than in anger. 与其说她讲得很气愤,不如说她讲得很伤心。
8还有一些短语也用 in,如:in jest 诙谐地,in joke 开玩笑地,in spite 恶意地, in fairness 公正地,in revenge 报复, in mercy 宽大,in sorrow 伤心地等。
His mind was in great confusion. 他脑子里很乱。
Today everybody is in high spirits and no one is in low ebb.
今天大家都兴高采烈,没有一个情绪低落的。
She and her classmates are in flower ages. 她和她的同学都正值妙龄。
The campaign was in full swing. 运动正值高潮中。
方面:
例:We accepted the item in principle. 我们在原则上接受了这个条款。
They are never backward in giving their views. 他们从来不怕发表自己的意见。
The backward area has achieved self-sufficient in grain.
这个落后的地区在粮食方面已能自给。
A good teacher must be an example in study. 一个好的教师必须是学习的模范。
方式:
例:All the speeches were taken down in shorthand. 所有报告都用速记记录下来了。
The Party has always educated us in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism.
党一贯以爱国主义和国际主义精神教育我们。
9如下成语惯用 in
例:in all 总计
in advance 事前
in the meantime 与此同时
in place 适当地
in hopes of(或 in the hope of) 怀着……希望
10“介词 at、to 表方向,攻击、位置、善恶、分”
介词 at 和 to 都可以表示方向; 用 at 表示方向时,侧重于攻击的目标,往往表示恶意;用to 表示方向时,突出运动的位置或动作的对象,侧重表示善意。
试比较下列各句:
1. A.She came at me. 她向我扑过来。
B.She came to me. 她向我走过来。
2.A.Jake ran at John. 杰克向约翰扑过去。
B.Jake ran to John. 杰克朝约翰跑去。
3.A. He rushed at the woman with a sword. 他拿着剑向那妇女扑过去。
B. He rushed to the woman with a sword. 他带着剑向那妇女跑过去。
4.A.He shouted at the old man. 他大声喝斥那老人。
B. He shouted to the old man. 他大声向那老人说。
5.A.I heard her muttering at Xiao Li. 我听见她在抱怨小李。
B.I heard her muttering to Xiao Li. 我听见她在同小李低声说话。
6.A. She talked at you just now. 她刚才还说你坏话呢。
B.She talked to you just now. 她刚才还同你谈话呢.
7.A.She threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗。
B.She threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃。
8.A.He presented a pistol at me. 他用手枪对着我。
B.He presented a pistol to me. 他赠送我一支手枪。
常用介词的用法
1. 在…的前面
in front of (范围外的前面)
in the front of (在范围内的前面)
There is a river ________ my house.
我家前面有一条河。
There is a blackboard ___ our classroom .
教室前面有一块黑板。
2.在树上
on the tree 强调树上长出的东西 (苹果,橘子)
in the tree 外来物体(人,鸟,风筝)
There are some birds _____ the tree.
树上有一些鸟。
There are some apples _______ the tree.
树上有一些苹果。
3.时间表达:
in + 某月 / 某季节 / 某年 (时间长)
on + 某天 (中)
at + 具体几点几分 (短)
固定短语: in the morning / afternoon / evening
at night, at noon
练习: __January , __ summer, ___
______ Sunday, ___ March 4th, ___ March
___ _ Sunday morning,_____ the morning
_______ the morning of June 5th
_______ 6:30, ____ night, __ noon
4.在墙上
on the wall
在墙壁表面 (相片photo,图画picture)
in the wall
在墙壁的里面 (门door, 窗户window )
(1)There is a photo of my family
_______ the wall.
(2)There are two doors ______ the wall.
5. 在…之上
on: 在…的表面之上(物体之间有接触)
over: 在…的正上方(物体没有接触)
above 高于......;
在......之上”,多指在相对较高位置
(1)There is a book ______ the desk.
书桌上有一本书。
(2)There is a bridge ______ the river.
河上有一座桥。
(3)The plane flies ______the clouds(云).
飞机在云层上飞行。
6.地点表达法
(1)in 后接较大的地方
如: in Beijing, in China.
(2)at 后接较小的地方
如: at the railway station, at the bus stop
(3)on 常用于一些习惯用语
on a farm 在农场 on the earth 在地球上
on earth 究竟
at home, at school, at the back of ,
at the back of the classroom
At the end of the street,
at the second crossing
篇6:中学英语语法介词
介词(preposition)又叫做前置词,一般置于名词之前。它是一种虚词,一般不重读,在句中不单独作任何句子成分,只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其它句子成分的关系。
介词后面的名词或相当于名词的词语叫做介词宾语,可作介词宾语的词语通常有:
1)名词或名词性从句,如:
He lives near the institute.
他住在学院附近。
This will give you some idea of what relativity means.
这会给你一些关于相对论意义的概念。
2)代词,如:
I am angry with him.
我生他的气。
3)动名词或动名词短语,如:
I have an idea for solving this problem.
我有一个解决这个问题的想法。
4)不定式(只限于介词but和except),如:
I could do nothing but just sit there and hope.
我除了坐等别无它法。
I can do nothing for them except to send them money.
我除了给他们寄钱以外,什么也不能帮他们.
5)数词,如:
Four from seven leaves three.
7减4余3.
6)形容词,如:
I know it from old.
我早就知道它。
7)副词,如:
I can't stay for long.
我不能久待。
英语介词往往相当于汉语的动词。如:
The policeman helped the old woman across the street.
警察帮助老大娘过马路。(介词across等于“过”)
Are you for it or against it?
你赞成还是反对?(介词for等于“赞成”,介词against等于“反对”)
(一)介词的种类
介词可按其构成分为:
1)简单介词(simple preposition),即单一介词,如at,in,of,since等。
2)复合介词(compound preposition),由两个介词组成,如as for,as to,into,out of等。
3)二重介词(double preposition),由两个介词搭配而成,但没有复合介词那样固定,如from under, from behind, until after, except in等。
4)短语介词(phrasal preposition),由短语构成,如according to, because of, in spite of, on behalf of, with reference to等。
5)分词介词(participle preposition), 由现在分词构成,如regarding concerning including等。
介词还可按其词义分为下列常见的几种:
1)表地点(包括动向),如about, above, across, after, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, from, in, into, near, off, on, over, through, throughout, to, towards, under, up, upon, with, within, without等。
[注]有不少表地点的介词可表动向,除很明显的across, around, over, towards, near外,还有among, behind, beneath, between, on, to, under等。
2)表时间,如about, after, around, as, at, before, behind, between, by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until), to, towards, within等。
3)表除去,如besides, but, except等。
4)表比较,如as, like, above, over等。
5)表反对,如against, with等。
6)表原因、目的,如for, with, from等。
7)表结果,如to, with, without等。
8)表手段、方式,如by, in, with等。
9)表所属,如of, with等。
10)表条件,如on, without, considering等。
11)表让步,如despite, in spite of等。
12)表关于,如about, concerning, regarding, with regard to, as to, as for等。
13)表对于,如to, for, over, at, with等。
14)表根据,如on, according to等。
15)表其它,如for(赞成), without(没有)等。
(二)介词短语及其功用
介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语(prepositional phrase)。介词短语在句中可用作:
1)主语,如:
That day between three and four thousand shells passed over our heads.
那一天,有三千到四千发炮弹从我们头上飞过。
From Beijing to Tianjin is two hours by train.
从北京到天津坐火车需要二小时。
2)表语,如:
She looks like an actress.
她像演员。
Mr. and Mrs. Smith are from New York.
史密斯夫妇是纽约人。
[注]以前人们多把He is in the house中的is看作行为动词(=exists),从而把in the house看作状语。现在人们多把is看作连系动词,从而把in the house看作表语。
3)宾语,如:
I'll give you until tomorrow.
我给你限期到明天。
4)定语,如:
The end of colonialism is now a question of time.
殖民主义的结束现在已是一个时间问题了。
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难见真知。
5)状语,如:
She has so much work to do that he is staying late at the office.
她工作很多,现在在办公室加班呢。
6)补语,如:
As a scientist, he was dedicated to the truth.
作为一个科学家,他献身于追求真理。(主语补语)
They found themselves in a dark wood.
他们不觉走入一座黑沉沉的树林。(宾语补语)
(三)介词兼作副词和连词
有一些介词可兼作副词,这种介词亦可称作小品词(particle)。试比较:
My mother is in the house. 我母亲在屋里。(介词)
Is there anybody in? 里面有人吗?(副词)
The programme was broadcast over the radio. 这个节目是通过电台广播的。(介词)
The programme is over. 这个节目播完了。(副词)
请注意下面两句中的与介词形式相同的副词:
He turned over the page.
他翻过书页。(over在此是副词,与turned组成短语动词)
I've put on weight.
我体重增加了。(on在此是副词,与put组成短语动词)
请注意下面两句中的与副词形式相同的介词:
The boat moved slowly down the river.
那船沿河缓缓而下。(down在此是介词)
He climbed up the tree.
他爬上了树。(up在此是介词)
还有少数介词可以兼作连词,如after, before, since, till(until)等。如:
The ball goes up very high after it hits the ground.
这球着地后蹦得很高。
It will not be long before they come back.
他们不久就回来。
I can't make you out. You're so changed since last we met.
我认不得你了。自上次见面后,你可变多了。
Will you be all right until I get back?
在我回来之前你会一切都好吗?
(四)介词与其它词类的搭配
由于英语名词的格的形态变化逐渐减少,因而介词与名词及其它词类的搭配关系也愈加重要。这种搭配,有许多已变成习惯,需要一一牢记。
1)与名词的搭配,有的与后面的名词搭配,如:
at home 在家
by the door 在门口
in the city 在城里
at three o'clock 在3点钟
on Sunday 在星期日
during the night 在夜晚
till next week 到下周为止
in 1921 在19
over the weekend 整个周末
with care 小心地
for good 永久地
past hope 已无希望
across the country 全国
in excitement 激动地
有的与前面的名词搭配,如:
acquaintance with 与……相识
attention to 对……注意
contribution to 对……贡献
desire for 对……愿望
devotion to 献身于
independence of 独立于
equality with 与……平等
interest in 对……感兴趣
love for 对……的热爱
objection to 对……反对
offence against 冒犯……
outlook on 对……眺望
persistence in 坚持……
popularity with 为……所欢迎
similarity to 与……类似
sympathy with 对……同情
2)与动词的搭配,如:
account for 说明
aim at 针对
amount to 合计
begin with 从……开始
cooperate with 与……合作
depart from 离开
die of 死于
indulge in 耽于
interest oneself in 感兴趣于
lead to 导致
listen to 听
meddle with 乱动
object to 反对
offend against 冒犯
persist in 坚持
play with 玩弄
refer to 归于
specialize in 专攻
sympathize with 同情
3)与形容词搭配,如:
absent from 不在(某处)
afraid of 害怕
averse to 不喜欢
clever at 擅长
equal to 与……平等
faithful to 对……忠实
famous for 对……著称
full of 充满
guilty of 犯(罪等)
hostile to 对……有敌意
independent of 独立于
indulgent in 耽于
interested in 感兴趣于
keen on 喜爱
opposite to 与……对面
partial to 偏爱
popular with 受……的欢迎
similar to 与……类似
sympathetic with 对……同情
注意:
1)词根或词源相同的名词、动词和形容词多共用一个介词,如:
indulge
indulgencein 耽于
indulgent
sympathy
sympathizewith 同情
sympathetic
object to 反对
objection
popular
with 受欢迎
popularity
但也有例外,如:
equal to
与……相等
equality with
married to
同……结婚
marriage with
2)一个名词、动词或形容词往往可以和一个以上的介词搭配,其意义有所不同,如look for与look at; compare with与compare to; feel sympathy for somebody与have no sympathy with someone's foolish opinions等。但有时区别并不大,如friendly with(或to), popular with(或among), originate in(或from)等。现在就连die of与die from的区别也似乎不甚明显了。
(五)介词的后置
前已说过,介词一般须放在名词之前,但在下列情况下,则常后置(常在全句或分句或从句之末):
1)介词宾语为疑问词时。如:
What are you talking about?
你们在谈什么?
Where are you from?
你是哪里人?
在间接疑问句和感叹句中介词亦可后置。如:
I don't know what you are talking about.
我不知道你们在谈什么?(间接疑问句)
What a jolly mess I am in!
我所处的局面多么糟啊!(感叹句)
2)介词宾语为关系代词或缩合连接代词时。如:
Do you remember the book which the teacher referred us to?
你记得老师叫我们看的那本书吗?
That's what he is talking about.
那就是他所谈的事。
[注]在正式文体中,介词亦可放在疑问词、关系代词、连接代词之前。如:
①With whom did you go?
你同谁一道去?
②This is the book from which I got the story.
这就是我从中读到这个故事的那本书。
③From what I hear, he is a good swimmer.
我听说,他是个优秀的游泳运动员。(from what I hear是一固定词组,from须置于what之前)
3)在其它情况下,如:
“There's nothing to be afraid of, ” Mother said.
“没有什么可怕的,”妈妈说道。
It is a fact that here I could not find one garbage can to throw trash in.
确实,我在这里连一个倒垃圾的垃圾桶都找不到。
We helped the troupe avoid the kind of trouble it had met with elsewhere.
我们帮助这个剧团避免了它在别处曾遇到过的那种麻烦。(介词with在此并不位于句末)
I will try to get it over with as quickly as possible.
我一定尽快地把它结束。(to get it over with是一固定说法)
(六)介词的省略
现代英语在某些情况下看来有一种省略介词的趋势。
省去as,如:
I consider him an expert.
我认为他是一位专家。(him之后省去as,现在一般认为不应用as)
2)省去at,如:
What time did you arrive home?
你什么时候到家的?(what前省去at)
It is hard work keeping the grass green this time of year.
一年中这个时节保持绿草不枯,要费很大气力。(this time前省去at)
3)省去by,如:
I sent the letter airmail.
我将此信由航空寄出。(airmail前省去by)
4)省去from,如:
Can't you stop the child getting into mischief?
你就不能使孩子不淘气?(getting前省去from)
5)省去in,如:
I had started a schoolboy diary the same year I entered the Latin School, in 1928.
我作为学生记日记是我于1928年进入拉丁学校时开始的。(the same year前省去in)
有些动名词之前常省去in,如:
I have been some time answering this question.
我想了一些时候才回答这个问题。(answering前省去in)
6)省去of,如:
What color is it?
它是什么颜色?(what前省去of)
He plunged out the doors.
他冲出门口。(美国英语out=out of)
7)省去on,如:
The police arrested him on an assault charge the evening of November 18.
警察于11月18日以殴打罪逮捕了他。(the evening 前省去on)
He meant to go hunting.
他意欲打猎。(hunting前省去on。现今也有语法家认为go是连系动词,hunting是表语)
8)省去to,如:
He never failed to show the traditional respect due Prof. Lin.
他对林教授一向按照传统尊崇备至。(due后省去to)
9)在列举一系列名词时,介词可省去,以免重复,如:
When you're lying without moving, you suddenly get at itch on the shoulder, the head, the back.
当你躺着一动不动时,你会突然感到肩上、头上、背上一阵搔痒。(the head与the back前省去on)
但在下面句子中由于强调介词of,故须重复:
He was guilty of vanity, of several meannesses.
他有虚荣心,干过好几桩卑劣的事。
下面一句中连词and前后的介词不同,故一般皆不可省略:
Dr. Sun has agreed to be an adviser to and member of the board of the college.
孙博士同意担任这所学院的顾问和董事。
[注]在某些现成说法中,介词的宾语亦可省略。如:
①Have you put the kettle on?
你把水壶放在炉子上了吗?(介词on后省去the fire)
②When do you go off?
你什么时候休息?(介词off后省去duty)
篇7:高考英语语法介词分类
介词分类
介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词。
介词分为三种,一种是简单介词,如 at, in, on, beside, to , for 等;另一种是短语介词,即由两个以上的词组组成的短语,in front of, because of, out of, instead 如 of 等;还有一种二重介词,如 until after, from behind 等。
(一) 介词的句法功能:介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当 一个成份,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、
物、事件等之间的关系。
1、作定语: The book on the table is mine.
2、作状语: have breakfast at seven. We (表时间)They were late for meeting because of the heavy ; rain.(表原因) ;They started the machine by pressing the button.(表方法)
3、作表语: My dictionary is in the bag.
4、作宾语补足语: I found him in the office.
(二) 1.表示时间的介词
(1) in表示“在某一时间段”或“在某一时候”,如用在月、季、年份、时代、世纪等时间名词的前面,或用来泛指一天的某一段时间。in也可以指“在……之后”,表示从说话起的若干时间内。
如: in July/summer/2000/ancient times
The bus will be here in ten minutes.
(2) on表示“在特定的某一天”,也可用于带有修饰语的一天的某个时间段之前。如:on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on the morning of August 1st
(3) at表示“在某一时间点”,或用来表示不确定的时间和短期的假日、时节等。
如:at six o'clock, at Easter
(4) over, through (out)两者均指“经过的全部时间”。
如:Stay over the Christmas.
(5) for与since:for表示动作或状态延续的全部时间长度,为“长达……”之意;since用于指从过去特定的某个时刻到说话时为止的一段时间;含有since时间短语的句子要用完成时,但含有for时间短语的句子不一定要用完成时。
如:I have been there for six years.
We have not seen each other since 1993.
(6) during指“在……时期/时间内”,必须接表示一段时间的词或词组作宾语。
如:She was ill for a week, and during that week she ate little.
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