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GRE阅读怎么锻炼自己的速度

时间：2022-06-18 05:30:57 其他范文收藏本文下载本文

GRE阅读怎么锻炼自己的速度（精选7篇）由网友“我不吃菠萝蜜”投稿提供，以下是小编帮大家整理后的GRE阅读怎么锻炼自己的速度，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

GRE阅读怎么锻炼自己的速度

篇1：GRE阅读怎么锻炼自己的速度

GRE阅读怎么锻炼自己的速度

1.先过了单词关。

不用文章所有单词都认识。甚至要尽量保持文章中一些名词不认识，这样可以去猜，练习猜词的能力，毕竟考试中肯定会有词不认识，要根据上下文推测下。

但是一些重要的形容词，名词，动词还是要认识的，因为这些词反映了作者的态度和文章的转折啊之类的结构。

而且对这些词要很熟练，一看到就能反应过来是褒义还是贬义，不能反应个半天的。..

大家可以去背下阅读39+3后面的那个生词表，然后自己平时坐阅读时对于重要的可以推理作者态度的词也总结背下来。

2.每天练习下长难句

每天都看看杨鹏的长难句，不要看答案，自己尽量分析，用他的方法。

每看完一句长难句，都做一下他的意群训练，这个对提高阅读速度非常非常有帮助

看长难句最好每天都看一个小时，可以增加预感，也破除了对阅读的恐惧感，看的同时做意群训练可以增加阅读速度。

有老师说，看了长难句，做题会影响效果(因为长难句都是阅读中的句子，再看阅读会发现轻松多，因为最难的句子都读过了。。)，其实我觉得还好吧，一些新g的阅读，很多都没有收录到长难句中

3.速度训练

读gre逻辑框架：

很多教材都介绍了很多阅读把握逻辑框架的技巧，比如not only后的跳过，but also后的重点读，however后的要重点度之类的。

我想大家不能盲目记这些技巧，最好要自己亲手总结，适合自己的，毕竟很多时候gre细节题考的都是一些要”跳过的“插入语，或者for example之后的东西。如果读的时候直接跳过了，就会有问题。其实这个读重点的方法是非常好的，however，不应该那么死记硬背的去用，要通过自己的总结，去形成一种直觉，什么后面的该读，什么后面的该快速扫过。大家可以在刚开始读文章时，细细的读每句话，读完后，理解了整篇文章，脑子里默想下文章的框架和主旨，是什么观点，是怎么论证的，有哪些重要的证据和性质，老观点弱在哪儿，等等然后回过头去，划出你认为是非读不可，不读就理解不了文章主旨的。而且只要读划下文字，就能达到同样快速理解文章主旨的效果。刚开始划，会发现划了很多句子。然后再做下一篇，划下一篇，等做了十篇左右，就会发现划出的文字越来越少了，自己也慢慢清楚了gre的文章套路，哪些是会考的，哪些可以忽略

举个例子：一般反驳老观点的文章，看到第一个词many people，就可以扫过这句找however了，因为however肯定是指出他的不足和他对比，通过however的观点，脑子里就可以推出many people 的观点，这样就可以扫过不少内容。

一定要边读边动脑子，而不是盲目的吸收信息。大家都知道新gre是逻辑考试，不是简答的语言考试，不要用做中学英语阅读的那套。如果阅读中遇到读不懂的长难句，就仔细.，找主谓宾，静下心来慢慢.个一小时，一句话总看得懂吧。这样把握了结构做题的时候，遇到主旨题，细节题，作者态度题就直接秒杀了，不用回去看文章，然后遇到细节题，回去快速定位找下，毕竟文章理解了，定位就很快。现在新gre考试，阅读都很短，作者很难铺开写，所以逻辑非常清晰，这样做就很适合

练习的时候，每做完一篇阅读，就先心里默想下新gre考试逻辑结构，用最短的话概括下，再去做题。

4.最后就是漫长的卡时间训练

可以从每篇文章6分钟，5分钟，4分钟根据个人情况一步步的训练

慢慢扔掉一些以前觉得一定要读的，因为没有那么多时间。

根据每篇文章分配的时间，来有取舍的读，每篇短阅读2分钟读完，能读多少是多少，但是要把文章读完而不是很细的读了前三句，后三句根本没看。。要宏观的读下全文，文章把握住逻辑结构，观点即可，细节不要太深究，加快节奏。

5.体会下阅读和arg的关系

阅读和arg很像，确实是这样，大家把一片阅读简化后，发现就是一篇arg，作者举了一堆证据妄图证明一个观点，驳斥其他观点而新g中很流行的题型，比如怎么怎么样会support，或者undermine作者观点，其实就是arg中找反例，找逻辑错误的过程这样去解题就简单多了。

GRE阅读材料练习：岛屿可能会增强海啸势力

Islands may amplify the biggest waves, not break them.SURFERS shun beaches shielded by islands off the coast.That, as generations of swarthy, golden-haired hulks will tell you, is because such islands create a natural breakwater.This dampens waves and makes for a boringly calm surf best left to sunbathers.The surfers’ reasoning is sound for the short-wave, wind-generated swells that they ride.

岛屿可能会增强海啸，而不会减弱海啸冲浪者不会去海中的岛屿的沙滩上去冲浪。一代又一代的金发肤色黝黑的冲浪者会告诉你，那是因为这类小岛形成天然的防波堤。这类岛屿的沙滩海浪较小，海面很平静，最适合晒日光浴的人了。较短、由风产生浪比较适合冲浪，对于这种浪来说，这种解释很合理。

But Themistoklis Stefanakis, of the Ecole Normale Superieure in Cachan, France, warns it may not be true for the longer wavelengths of tsunamis.As he and his colleagues show in a paper posted on arXiv, an online repository, littoral islands may actually exacerbate, rather than diminish, the effects of these waves.Anecdotal evidence for this counterintuitive assertion comes from episodes where the same tsunami has battered different types of coastal topography.

但是，来自法国卡尚高等师范学校Themistoklis Stefanakis警告说，对于波浪较长的海啸来说，就不一样了。如Themistoklis

Stefanakis跟他的同事在线数据库arXiv发表的文章中所描述的的那样：实际上沿海的岛屿可能会增强长波浪的强度，而不是减弱。这种违反直觉的判断的轶事证据来自很少见的现象—同一海啸会造成不同的海岸地貌。

In , for instance, when one hit the Mentawai islands in Indonesia, areas of coastline directly behind islets bore the brunt of the damage, according to Costas Synolakis, a tsunami expert at the University of Southern California who is one of the study’s co-authors.Dr Synolakis, Mr Stefanakis and their colleagues decided to try to put numbers on their hunch.Rather than valiantly staking out seafront locales, though, they tested the idea with a computer model.

例如，印度尼西亚明达威岛遭遇的海啸，明达威岛后的海岸区域的破坏的最为严重，南加州大学的海啸专家Costas

Synolakis这样说道，他是这篇文章的作者之一。博士Synolakis Mr

Stefanakis及他们的同事，决定验证这个设想。他们想到用电脑模拟的方法来实验，而不是在海岸实验。

This is harder than it sounds.Simulating the way waves behave as they make landfall means taking account of, literally, oceans of data.To simplify the problem, the researchers looked at what happens when a computerised wave encounters a cone-shaped island on a smoothly sloping seabed in front of a straight cyber-coastline with a beach that continues to rise smoothly as it progresses inland.

实际做起来要比听起来难很多。要模拟当海浪到大陆地时海浪的运动就意味着要严格地考虑到海洋的信息。为了简化问题，在带有海滩的笔直虚拟海岸线可平滑上升的情况下，研究人员观察当模拟的的海浪在平滑的斜海床上与锥形岛屿相遇时，会发生什么。

These approximations allow a computer to cope with the problem, yet are sufficiently similar to many real places for the conclusions drawn from them to, as it were, hold water.The team made their virtual islet jut out of the ocean to an altitude of 100 metres, a typical height above sea level for such outcrops.They then looked at 200 combinations of gradients for the sides of the island, the seabed and the beach; the distance between the island and the beach; and the wavelength of the encroaching tsunami.

电脑在处理这类问题时，这种近似可以忽略，然而这跟之前认为得减弱海浪的结论已经很相似了.研究组将模拟的岛屿拉高到海平面100米的位置,许多岛屿超出海平面也就是100米。他们将岛屿、海床、沙滩的外围的倾斜度，岛屿和沙滩的距离，海啸的波长做了200种组合来实验观察。

In none of these did an island offer any succour to the coastline behind it. Instead, it acted as a lens, focusing the wave’s destructive power and amplifying its size by between 5% and 70%.The upshot is that, far from shielding a coastline, offshore islands can make things worse—information that should be incorporated into tsunami evacuation plans.For if a big wave is coming, running from it is not enough. You also have to know how far to run before it is safe to stop.

没有一类能有助于减弱海啸。实际上，它好比一个透镜，将海浪的破坏力聚集起来，并且扩大5%-70%。结果是。沿海的岛屿不会保护海岸区域不受破坏，反而会让其更糟。这在海啸救援中应当将其考虑在内。如果海啸来临，跑是不够的。还应该知道跑多远才是安全的。

篇2：如何提高GRE阅读速度

GRE阅读速度提升不上去?积累阅读量就能有效提速

根本解决办法是多读

从长远来看，解决阅读速度不快的根本办法是多读。阅读速读提高不上去很大程度上是因为考生还不习惯英语到自己语言的理解，需要一个切换理解的时间。比如看到一个词，要先想到这个词的意思，然后理解整句话。要解决这个问题显然就是需要熟练，不断地接触英语相关的资料，在不断地阅读中多理解，即使不是精读也要试图理解一片文章的大概和基本逻辑，经过联系使中间这个切换时间越来越短，最后达到完全不需要切换的语言感觉。短期来看，针对新GRE考试可以尝试多做笔记，用自己熟悉的符号记录或者标注各种语言的重要信息，这样做题时候回文定位会省事很多。

提高细节把握能力

GRE阅读速度提高了可能还存在一个问题，就是阅读的感觉不好，细节重点抓不住。不少同学做题时可以大概理解一片文章讲的是什么，但是对于一些细节，和关键问题还是理解模糊或者无法理解的问题。这种问题可能是由于同学们自己阅读一些长难句的困难，面对一些结构复杂的长句子无所适从，建议长难句方面有困难的同学可以参考一下专门针对性的长难句教材，比如杨鹏老师的长难句材料，各种语法点总结的很好，很有针对性。还有就是针对一些专业词汇做特殊的记忆，比如考生不常见的地质学、气象学和天文学等领域的词汇。

思路不适应要积累阅读量

对于思路上不太适应GRE逻辑思维的同学，平时可以多注意积累其他方面的阅读量，哪怕是中文文章的，尝试理解那些有一定逻辑难度的文章，这样可以跳过语言这一环，直接训练自己的思路。对于GRE阅读的考试，哪怕是整个GRE考试的备考来说，都会发现背景知识越丰富，得到的帮助会更多。

时间充分可以精读练习

对于备考时间比较充裕的考生可以尝试将阅读文章做完题之后精读，把每一个句子的意思都搞懂，都能翻译出来，不会的单词去查。这这个过程可以发现自己在语法和背景知识方面的漏洞，然后再去理解一篇文章的大意。

新GRE考试中提高阅读速度不是一天两天的事情，但是阅读速度的提升对整个考试的时间是很重要的，考生们在备考过程中一定要多加练习，提高自己的阅读速度。希望上面提到的这些妙招技巧能够帮助到大家。

新GRE阅读考试长难句实例解析

1. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact –real Amazonian societies – but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society . (4)

如果我们先研究一下为什么古人会提到亚马逊人，下面的一点就变得清晰了，那就是古希腊对于这种社会的庙睡不是太多的被用来表达观察的历史事实——真正的亚麻逊社会的——而是为了对于妇女在其社会中的统治的预期后果提供一种“道德教导”。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词

解释：有两个词汇需要先解释一下：something be meant to represent是use something to mean的被动语态。mean在这里不是常用的“……的意思是”的意思，而是表示做某事所表达的目的、意图，其英文释义为：to serve or intend to convey, show, or indicate.句中的结构为：something be meant not so much to,,, but rather to, 实际上是把be meant to和not rather 的两个固定搭配套在一起，意思是：不是为了……而是为了……

另外，suppose的意思很抽象，不容易理解。此词既有据信、被认为的意思，也有预期的意思，还有表示贬义的假想的被想当然的意思。

本句的supposed用法极其特殊，在此处的意思，用以上任何一个释义来理解居然都可以成立，既是在说一个预期的社会状态，又是在说一个虚构出来的、本来不存在的社会状态，其用法类似于中文中的一语双关，是文章作者自以为文笔精妙之处。

意群训练：If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact- real Amazonian societies- but rather to offer“moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society.

2. Thus,for instance,it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects;and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. (5)

因此，举例来说，对数学家而言，了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已，即薛定谔(Schrodinger)的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述，而仅仅是个近似值，趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式;而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值，趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略

解释：读到此句时，数学家不见得震惊，晕倒的考生恐怕不在少数。不但句子结构复杂，而且罗列了大量的专有名词。对于不是理科的同学来讲，在阅读这篇文章的现场清楚地明白应该读到什么程度远比研究这些生僻的专有名词更重要。其实是否知道薛定鄂方程对读者来说并不见得重要，GRE考试的出题者也不见得知道它;关键是要读懂句子的主要意思;数学家不能理解不精确和近似值的伟大意义。不过在本书中，出现的句子均以阅读训练为目的，所以读者仍要把句子的结构读清楚。

主句中的主语it是一个开工主语，其具体的内容应该是从to learn开始一直到句子结束的长达八行的不定式，但是此不定式实在太长，如果放在句首则句子无法平衡。Learn后面带着两个以that引导的宾语从句，中间以分号和and分开，可以把分号以后的句子看成是and it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that的省略形式。

意群训练：Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematiians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.

新GRE阅读考试长难句实例解析

1. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system. (4) 尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同，这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过，但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉，而转向相反的观点，即：神经冲动从根本上本质相同，而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。

难句类型：复杂修饰、双重否定

解释：前半个分句中有一个双重否定，was never rigidly disproved,这种表示法用中文说出来还是比较好懂的，原因是我们熟悉中文的这种表示法，但在英文中出现，因为在以前的学习中见得少，所以感觉上很别扭。因此，同学们的任务，就是通过反复阅读此类句子来熟悉这样的英语。其实在英文表达中，很多双重否定与中文表达是一样的，表示肯定;如not unlimited就等于limited。但是值得读者注意的是在GRE和GMAT这两种对考生的逻辑有苛刻要求的考试中，如果这种双重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即二分法的词汇，比如上面例子中的limited和unlimited)，则双重否定不一定表示肯定;比如本例中的not disprove, 不能理解为agree，不反对者中，的确有人会同意，但通常心存疑虑，随大流者居多。不但如此，大双重否定中加上限定词以后，在否定的范围上也有所变化，如本句的be never rigidly disproved，没有完全被反对，不能理解为从来都被严格支持的，而应该理解成从来都可能有人支持的。综上所述，对双重否定的句子，简单的把其置换为肯定，不是最精确的理解。而最好的办法，就是通过多读、多练来熟悉其语言表达及其逻辑方式，按照其字面的表达理解成没有完全否定，然后大脑中反应出其目前的生存状态是一个仍未消失的状态;这种理解才是在考试现场既快速又精确的理解。

运用前面所说的用合理化原则中的取非读法，可以很容易的读出作者在后半个分句中想说前面的那种观点被反对了。但是，初学者会对这个分句中的something be abandoned in favor of something else这种语言表达感到突然，如果理解成因为喜后者而抛弃了前者，虽然也能说得通，但是其实原文从来没有这种因果关系，in favor of强调的是这两种动作的同时性;抛弃了前者，而转向后者，namely之后的内容是前面的opposing view的同位语。

意群训练：Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generallyabandoned in favor of the oppsing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throught the nervous system

2. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number， arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. (4 -) 尽管其他实验显示在神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互连接上有一些小的差异，但是就心理-神经的关系而言，这些感官区域彼此之间的明显的相似性看起来比起微小的差异更为令人注目。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

解释：在前后两个分句之间有一个插入语as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned。在后面的分句中，主语the obvious similarities之后的、修饰主语的成分较长、以至于有很多读者看到相隔很远的more remarkable than时一下子反应不过来是什么比后者更明显。其简化形式应为：similarities seemed more remarkable than differences。

意群训练：Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.

新GRE阅读考试长难句实例解析

1. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.(5)

难免类型：复杂修饰

译文：类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似的方面上所发生变化，当他们被用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时候，他们在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。

解释：即使是初练难免的人其实也很熟悉such thing as something这样的语言方式，可是当中间的小东西thing居然变成了一个长达十二个单词的大东西的时候，实在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something 到底为哪方神圣。再加上以such as 为中心的长主语距离系动词remain太远，更增加了本句的难度。请读者反复阅读，直到读出这样的感觉：顺序阅读原文时，原文似乎就是几大块，就好像是such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.

意群训练：Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience.

2. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异;可是，这样的证据是缺乏的，即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的，而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。

难免类型：复杂修饰、倒装

解释：与很多人的印象相反，lack从来就不能作形容词，它只有动词或名词的词性。其形容词的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。

本句的在however 之前和之后的两个分句，是两个倒装结构，前一个是小倒装，正常语序是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however后面是个大倒装，lacking之后的that引导的同位语人名是修饰主语proof的，但是因为它太长，所以为了避免头重脚轻，被放到lacking之后，正常的语序应该是proof that the quality of ..was lacking

意群训练：It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.

GRE阅读长难句的难题并不是一天两天就能解决的，需要考生的坚持和日常的积累。

篇3：GRE阅读速度提高方法

GRE阅读速度提高方法

1，先过了单词关。

但是一些重要的形容词，名词，动词还是要认识的，因为这些词反映了作者的态度和文章的转折啊之类的结构。

而且对这些词要很熟练，一看到就能反应过来是褒义还是贬义，不能反应个半天的...

大家可以去背下阅读39+3后面的那个生词表，然后自己平时坐阅读时对于重要的可以推理作者态度的词也总结背下来。

2，每天练习下长难句

每天都看看杨鹏的长难句，不要看答案，自己尽量分析，用他的方法。

每看完一句长难句，都做一下他的意群训练，这个对提高阅读速度非常非常有帮助

看长难句最好每天都看一个小时，可以增加预感，也破除了对阅读的恐惧感，看的同时做意群训练可以增加阅读速度。

3，速度训练

看阅读的速度快了，一个是读的快，就像大家读中文可以一目十行的感觉

还有一个就是对gre阅读的逻辑框架熟透了。

比如看到作者第一句话说many people，prevail，past time就知道提出了一个老观点

然后马上就下意识到找接下来一定出新的however，but之类的转折，然后找新观点

然后再看是用什么方式论证的，是指出老观点不足呢，老观点错哪儿了，还是形式变化了等等

这样看完，把逻辑框架就把握住了，做主旨题，结构体，作者态度题就很轻松了

介绍下对这两种速度的一些个人经验

读的快：

集中用意群训练，每一眼看3,4个单词，形成这种阅读习惯，想想下自己是怎么读中文的，就怎么去读英文，当然肯定会比中文慢

读文章时，下意识的跳过一些介词，冠词之类的，就像大家读中文都跳过“的”这种词，尽量一句话读一遍，强迫自己不回视，这能大大加快速度，读的慢的同学是不是经常一句话反复读呢?

如果是ts这种重要的句子，可以读个两遍，加强理解。

因为英语的语序和我们不同，有时候只读一遍，确实难以一下子理解。

读gre逻辑框架：

很多教材都介绍了很多阅读把握逻辑框架的技巧，比如not only后的跳过，but also后的重点读，however后的要重点度之类的。

我想大家不能盲目记这些技巧，最好要自己亲手总结，适合自己的，毕竟很多时候gre细节题考的都是一些要”跳过的“插入语，或者for example之后的东西。如果读的时候直接跳过了，就会有问题。

其实这个读重点的方法是非常好的，however，不应该那么死记硬背的去用，要通过自己的总结，去形成一种直觉，什么后面的该读，什么后面的该快速扫过。

大家可以在刚开始读文章时，细细的读每句话，读完后，理解了整篇文章，脑子里默想下文章的框架和主旨，是什么观点，是怎么论证的，有哪些重要的证据和性质，老观点弱在哪儿，等等

然后回过头去，划出你认为是非读不可，不读就理解不了文章主旨的。而且只要读划下文字，就能达到同样快速理解文章主旨的效果。

刚开始划，会发现划了很多句子。

等做了十篇左右，就会发现划出的文字越来越少了，自己也慢慢清楚了gre的文章套路，哪些是会考的，哪些可以忽略

这时候回过头去看划的第一篇，发现很多划出的部分是多余的，因为虽然有些句子也关系到主旨，但是却可以由其他的推理。

再比如：有的以对比手.证的文章，仔细读下作者支持的一方面，就可以扫过不支持的一方面，因为是对比，可以推出一个的优点就是另一个的缺陷所在。

慢慢的联系，大家就会形成一种直觉了，跳过文章很多内容，划出一些重要的内容，以后看到这种词就会下意识的细读后面的文字，而其他的内容就会快速扫过。而且看一些文章，可以下意识的跟着作者思路走

作者提出了老观点，

就下意识的去下一句找新观点

作者提出了新观点，就下意识的去找新观点的优点

作者提出了新观点的优点，就下意识的看作者是怎么论证的，举例?对比?等等。。

一定要边读边动脑子，而不是盲目的吸收信息。大家都知道gre是逻辑考试，不是简答的语言考试，不要用做中学英语阅读的那套。

如果阅读中遇到读不懂的长难句，就仔细破，用杨鹏的方法找主谓宾，静下心来慢慢破个一小时，一句话总看得懂吧。

这样把握了结构做题的时候，遇到主旨题，细节题，作者态度题就直接秒杀了，不用回去看文章

然后遇到细节题，回去快速定位找下，毕竟文章理解了，定位就很快。

现在新g，阅读都很短，作者很难铺开写，所以逻辑非常清晰，这样做就很适合

如果是老g，有的文章太长，观点层出不穷。。一会儿论证，一会儿又反驳，就要适当做些笔记，稍微放慢点速度，边读边用脑子记。

练习的时候，每做完一篇阅读，就先心里默想下逻辑结构，用最短的话概括下，再去做题。

4，最后就是漫长的卡时间训练

可以从每篇文章6分钟，5分钟，4分钟根据个人情况一步步的训练

慢慢扔掉一些以前觉得一定要读的，因为没有那么多时间。

既然我们读的没别人快，只能少读点，用练成的直觉和推理来弥补。

根据每篇文章分配的时间，来有取舍的读，每篇短阅读2分钟读完，能读多少是多少，但是要把文章读完

而不是很细的读了前三句，后三句根本没看。。要宏观的读下全文

尽量少分配时间读文章，文章把握住逻辑结构，观点即可，细节不要太深究，加快节奏。

多分配时间做题，毕竟我们是为了做题才读文章的，不要没时间做题，盲目的凭感觉选(很坏的，凭感觉选经常会选到陷阱选项)，做题时细想下，放慢点节奏。

5，体会下阅读和arg的关系

GRE阅读：长难句分析

The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. (5+)

物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理，因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下才令人置信的论据，一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化，便会失去它一部的作用;而与此相反，一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据，在其基本假设(underlying assumption)稍微受干扰的情况下，仍然有可能是站得住脚的。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：本句在文章中就是一个自然段，虽然长度比不上前面第一章中所举的那个长达10行的例子，但是难度绝不在那句话之下。本句堪称句子的大杂烩，连主句带从句居然一共有八个。从大往小说，由whereas连接了两个大句子，whereas后面的句子中的主语an augument之后又跟了一个定语从句that is convincing though imprecise，修饰augument。whereas前面共有六个句子，由the physicist作主语的主句;由since引导的原因状语从句，修饰since从句中主语an augument的由that引导的定语从句，此定语从句中的条件状语从句only if it is precise; since从句中的条件状语从句if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,以及修饰此从句中的主语assumptions的定语从句on which it is based一共八个句子，从句套从句，实在令人叹为观止。

然而，在考试现场去数句子的数目，是只有呆子才会干的事，读者们惟一要干的事就是反复阅读这句话，什么时候练到不必去想其语法结构就能按原文顺序读懂，才算初步掌握;再进一步把它读顺，直到你看不出这个句子有什么特别的地方，看上去还挺舒服就算训练成功。

However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. (4-)

起初，蓝袜女们确实模仿了法国沙龙女主人，将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则，随着她们获得的凝聚力，她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体，并拥有了一种妇女团结意识，而这种意识在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存，因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而彼此孤立隔绝开来。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：本句读到表示并列的连词and开始变难。and之后的不定式与前面的不定式是并列的，to的前面省略了一个与前面一样的谓语came。 lacking之后的分词作定语修饰a sense of female solidarity其后的由who引导的定语从句又修饰逗号前面的salonnieres此从句中又有一个定语从句that each salonniere held in her own salon修饰其前的primacy,但是由于引导词that在从句中作宾语，因此被省略。

GRE阅读：长难句分析

什么是意群训练

在进入正题之前，先来看看意群的概念，对意群的解释目前流行几个版本，从阅读的意义上来讲，意群就是指我们平时阅读一篇文章时，视线每停留一次，进入我们视界范围的单词会有多个，而这些单词不带有任意性，单词与单词之间的逻辑意义紧密相连，我们可以暂且将这种意义紧密相连的多个单词视为一个意群。

我们要想将这种方法运用到实际的阅读当中，那我们就有必要知道，语篇的构成单位为段落，段落的构成单位则是句子，而句子的最终构成单位为语言意义的基本载体单元词汇。而我所讲的意群训练，是指按照对词汇之间意义的紧密性及对英语句子的结构进行拆分的阅读方法，这样不仅利于阅读速度的提升还可以提高一个人对语篇环境的适应能力。

例句1：

The primary method previously used by paleontol.ists to estimate climatic changes that occurred during Pleistocene glacial cycles [新世纪冰川周期] was the determination of 18O/16O [18O与16O分别为氧元素] ratios in calcareous fossils.

这个句子读完第一遍之后，如果你发现自己没有读懂这个句子是因为当中所出现的生词所造成的，那你错了，如若使用意群法对此句进行结构拆分，我们反而会发现其实这个句子读起来并是那么晦涩难懂。换句话说，如果将单词扩大到一个短语成分，分句，乃至整个句子，这样对文章理解起来更深刻也更全面

上面的那个句子，我将其解构为：一个主干结构，4个意群：

本句主干：Method[主语]+ Be[系动词]+Determination [表语]，

四个意群分别为：1) The primary method previously used by paleontol.ist; 2) to estimate climatic changes that occurred; 3) during Pleistocene glacial cycles; 4) was the determination of 18O/16O ratios in calcareous fossils. 在这句话中，意群的划分依据为词语与词语之间的联系紧密度，意群1)应解释为： method前有The primary, 后有previously used by paleontol.ist，分别起到修饰method的作用，而意群2)则在此处用作动词use的目的状语，用来说明这种方法的用途所在, 意群4)为系动词+表语结构，整个句子的结构也随之开始变的清晰起来。

例句2：

In the Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of Western European literary techniques and styles.

中文释义：

在<<忧郁的蓝调>>一诗中，休斯选择改变这样一些传统：即，那些曾经规定美国黑人文学必须以倡导种族容忍及种族团结为宗旨的文学传统，并规定为实现这一目标，美国黑人文学还须反映出对西欧文学技巧及风格的理解和娴熟运用能力的文学传统.

这段话中出现了，三个That,往往考生会在这几个that之间踌躇不定，尤其是第三个that后面的意群，in order to do so作为一个插入成分将that与紧跟that后的宾语从句分隔开来，第一个that起引导定语从句的作用，且第一个that可用which 来替代，而第二与第三个that起引导宾语从句的作用，第三个that前省略了动词decreed。当句子当初出现复合句时，尤其是宾语从句或定语从句，会以that为标志出现，而只要我们将that及其所引导的成分视为一个意群进行分析，我们读时才不会出现那种不得要领的阅读感觉

例句3

The petition asked that during June, July, and August the working hours be changed from 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch to 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch

中文释义：此申请书请求6，7，8三个月份间的工作时间应从原来早8晚5改为现在的早7点上班晚3：30下班的工作时间制，而午餐时间则由原来的1小时改为现在的半小时。

如果我们能够分清此句的意群，我们就不至于读不懂整句话，本句结构为：The petition [主语]+asked[谓语]+that[后接宾语从句]。当我们看到be change时，便会一眼看到change 后的from……to……to……to，这时，问题便出现了，这里存在两个意群：1) 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch; 2) 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch, 当我们理清这两个意群以后，整个句子开始变得流畅了许多。

篇4：如何提升gre阅读的速度呢

如何提升gre阅读的速度呢

想读得快，咱先得看看人是咋读书的。这叫追根溯源，由道及术，圣人之道也。人的读书过程是一个左右脑配合的过程——左脑负责集中注意把焦点放到一个或数个单词上，右脑负责周边注意(余光，当然叫旁光更亲切一些，尤其是军训时教官让我们集中注意向前看，并且用旁光与边上的同学对齐时)。好的阅读者会在读书时让左右脑充分协调配合。

读书时在脑子中有两种过程——默读(subvocalisation)和思维之流(stream of thoughts)。默读速度比较慢，在克服默读的过程中你要达到临在的状态——即充分的意识和放松，认识到自己那虚伪的自我感(这点东西可以算是心灵哲学的内容吧，如果有兴趣可以看看克里希那穆提的著作或俄克里特托利的《修炼当下的力量》，没有什么复杂的东西，关键说白了就是四个字：放松意识)。

读是一个学习的过程，是符号信息与读者内心感受的交互。它要求有适当的逻辑与积极的思考(要不然还怎么交互??)

大致分为以下几个步骤：

1、Recnition：文字识别

2、Assimilation：物理输入

3、Intra-integration：字面理解

4、Extra-integration：内涵理解

5、Retention：记忆

6、Recall：回忆

7、Communication：默读与一词一词地读的最大缺点有二，一是慢二是容易走神。克服默读之后，你的阅读能力理论上可以提高五倍，大多数人可以做到每分钟看1000个单词。

提高gre考试阅读默读速度方法如下：

1、找一个没有思想深度，遣词造句比较简单的阅读材料，比如休闲杂志、消遣小说之类的(注：平时用TS法，当遇到无法理解的句子时大脑会自动调节为SB法，注意感受这一过程有助于提高阅读能力)

2、找一个没有人的屋子——绝对不能再自习室进行这一步，否则你真会被别人当成SB——然后大声数数，从一到十、再从一到十(书上说，断续发eee...eee...eee...的音也可以，真是不为SB誓不罢休)，在这个过程中试着阅读。大脑控制SB与控制喉咙是同一个分区，当你数数时就占用了这个分区，使大脑无法SB。

3、当你可以熟练地做2时，可以在心中默数，这时就可以回自习室而不必担心被看成SB了。

4、当可以做3时就努力提高阅读速度，当超过每分钟360个词时，由于速度过快就会进入一个抑制SB的良性循环。

5、针对高手，还可以加入除了TS之外的自己的思想补充文本内容使自己在阅读时身临其境。6、直到有一天，你发现自己已经可以明确区分SB与TS并自由选择。最后你的浏览速度可以达到词每分钟。

攻克GRE阅读之经典长难句练习

Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. (5)

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词

译文：弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫(Virginia Woolf)在创作《黛洛维夫人》(Mrs. Dalloway)时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家(poetic novelist)所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家，所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。

解释：本句逗号以前只有复杂修饰的长主语有些难，但总的来讲比较好懂，since引导的原因状语从句较难。

A、 since之后的it指前面的statement，highlight的宾语an aspect之后有两个修饰成分，一个是of her literary interests，另一个是以that引导的定语从句that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist，都是修饰an aspect的。Novelist后面又有由and 连接的两个介词结构concerned with doing 修饰novelist.

B、句中有两处省略，一是在her literary interests that is very different from当中，修饰interests的定语从句中引导词+be that is 一起省略了。第二处在and之后，由于concerned with与前面的concerned with重复，所以concerned被省略。

C、本句另外一个难懂的地方，就是使用了大量的抽象词。这是文学市评论题材的文章的一个特点。

Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.

攻克GRE阅读之经典长难句练习

Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. (3+)

难句类型：插入语

译文：虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制(monogamy)。

解释：本句中插入语的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent, 后半个分句中的主语that slaves' preference与系动词was离得太远，造成阅读的困难。

意群训练：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy.

篇5：gre考试阅读速度提升法

gre考试阅读速度提升法分享

毫无疑问，gre考试语言中最耗时的部分是阅读问题。阅读速度不够快的考生，往往在长篇文章面前视而不见，答题不顺导致扣分。因此，考生要想提高阅读成绩，就必须练习快速阅读技巧。

gre阅读速度的有效训练方法

GRE阅读提速的四种有效训练方法是：A、团体训练;B、不回头训练;C、合理化原则的推力训练;D、速度与理解的平衡点训练。

义群训练法

用几个相邻的词来表达相同的意思，而不是一个词。同时，避免读声乐，克服内心的声音和咽喉唇震颤。gre阅读练习,gre备考要多久这种方法可以帮助考生提高一次性阅读内容的数量，减少逐字阅读的情况。

非回顾性培训

确保在第一次阅读时注意力高度集中，避免回头看。许多考生由于注意力不集中、注意力不集中等各种原因，在阅读上存在问题，但他们根本没有在头脑中阅读。为了理解，他们必须回到前面重新阅读。不回头的训练会帮助你解决这个问题。

培训方法的合理化

根据文章语境中的逻辑推理，没有理解的地方推理是不合理的。不理解部分内容不会影响人们对文章整体的理解很多次，但很多真正的考生把充分理解文章的意义作为自己的目标，因此在专业性强或学术性较强的部分浪费了太多的时间。gre阅读练习,gre备考要多久合理化训练方法正是让考生了解整个训练方法的概念。

速度与理解平衡点训练

既要保证一定的阅读速度，又要保证能同时理解文章的意思，避免急功近利而什么都不懂。每个人的平衡点都不一样。逐步掌握平衡需要大量的练习。这种训练方法需要时间，但如果考生能顺利找到自己的平衡点，以后的阅读就会容易得多。

GRE阅读提速训练要点

在阅读训练过程中，唯一的目的是在大脑中反映英语(而不是汉语)的意义。当考生发现自己在阅读过程中完全消除了大脑中的汉语解释和语法分析过程时，这一要求就会得到满足。

眼睛在阅读材料上的移动速度比它们在心脏或喉咙里出生的速度要快。

阅读一篇文章时，要注意整句话回头看的现象，坚持读一次。

当遇到未知事物时用合理的推理进行推理。

坚持是很重要的，不要半途而废。

GRE阅读：复习准备工作

1、词汇的准备

很多考生在初学GRE的时候往往会觉得最大的障碍就是GRE词汇，一般来说，阅读需要掌握的单词比考GRE所需掌握的单词要少的多(四级以上词汇大约2000个)，对词汇的掌握也没有模拟。

反义对词汇的要求深(即只要看到这个词能知道其大意和褒贬态度就可以了)。这些词往往都是些GRE阅读专署词汇，且重复率很高，只需集中背记一下就可以解决基本问题。

2、句子理解的准备

读句子，尤其是读长难句，比较容易入手的读法是先找句子的主、谓、宾成分，尤其是谓语动词，很多句子结构复杂，由很多从句组成，一句读下来可能会不解其义，开始读的候侯，如果能句子的主干读起，就能相对容易地把握句子的大意。

举个例子：After more than a century of investigation， the relation of these and other phenomena， known collectively as the solar-activity cycle， to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear.

试着以寻找句子主干为目的来读上面这句话，这就好比将主谓宾加粗，突出了重点和层次，对句子领会起来就更容易些。

另外，将简单句子复杂化通常有其固定的模式，比如：

1)合并简单句、变简单句为带有从句结构或并列从句结构或多层从句结构的句子;

2)通过否定、双重甚至多重否定增加理解上的困难;

3)将原本分开的句子组合、套用在某固定句式、词组里面;

4)加入插入语来打断读句子的思路;

5)通过将一些成分后置、倒装或者省略来增加难度。读者要想轻松的跳过这些难点，首先要对一些典型的句子进行结构分析，之后还需靠平时的阅读积累，通过一定量的练习熟悉这些句子的结构构成方式，当遇到难以理解的句子时及时总结，分析其结构，从根本上解决所遇障碍，长此以往，进步将不断。

GRE阅读：如何做好笔记内容

阅读文章分类：

1 按题材分类：从难→易

Humanities(eg文学评论)→Social Science(弱势群体歧视问题：blacks,native,Americans,women)→Natural Science→Life Science

2 写作方法(两种)：

ⅠPresentation 有且只有一个观点

ⅡArgument 有多个观点

为什么要区分呢?是为了做主题题，比如若判定文章是Presentation的套路，则选项中出现argument, debate, dispute等等之类的词都可以排除

3文章套路：

新老观点对比型：traditionally, most believe 的是错的，总是maverick

现象解释型：出现phenomenon之类的key words

问题解决型/解答型：

结论解释型(总分结构)

阅读原则：逻辑阅读，与托福阅读题做法相反，做GRE阅读时先文后题。理顺逻辑关系!!

三种GRE备考阅读方法：Scrutinizing, Scanning, Skipping

阅读的key points

1 强对比(相反≠)unlike, contrast, on the other hands, on the other hand, 时间状语(比如新老观点对比型的文章中)出题举例：已知A≠B,问B=?

2 强转折(△)

although, though, while: 让步即转折。明显转折：yet, but, however

其实转折：in fact, actually, nevertheless, nonetheless, despite, in spite of, rather, instead

极端转折：A△(-A), 以后半句为主

多重转折：△…△…△…△…△…△ 最后一个转折才是关键所在

3 强因果(→)

因果小境界：because, since, for, thus, hence, therefore, conclude, conclusion, consequently, result in/from, lead to, lie in, 冒号分号

因果大境界：⑴attribute, traceable

⑵stimulate, motivate, spur, impetus

⑶reflection, expansion

4 敏感词(重要暗示词)

最高级：first, never, foremost, uttermost

唯一性：only, sole, uniquely, exclusive, alone

比较级：more…than, less…than…, as….as, the same as, similar to

更极端：peak, pinnacle, summit, abysmal, crowning, crest

5 判断句：给出评论，

四种评论：大正，大负，混和评价(主正，主负)

adj. adv.的引入会给句子添上正负色彩，所以注意这些形容词，副词

例子：His(eloquent/brazen)declamation(convincingly/curiously)shaped our standpoint.

考试题型

=7+2， 2即主观题，态度题

7=4种基本题+3难题

主题题：1 三出现(关键词必须出现，文章中未提到的内容不能出现，细节不能出现)

2 一定要判定出文章的套路(比如如果是现象解释型，就选有phenomenon的，有因果说法的reasons, factors, traceable;是问题解答型，就选有代表问题(predicament, dilemma)和解释(solution, therapy, remedy, recipe)的词;结论解释型，选总分结构的词(general, supportive, illustrate, systematically )……….

态度题：错误选现

1 不留余地的词：completely, total, entire, absolute, un+表示限制意思的动词的过去分词，如uncircumcised, unlimited, unrestricted

2 中庸的词：indifference, lukewarm, detached, resigned, jocular, light-hearted

3 个人情感的词：怒rage, wrath, exasperation, 嘲笑讽刺：mock, deride;还有就是cynical

基本题：1直接事实题(eg.题干中出现明显的因果关系与文中因果相对应)

⑴文字变换(90%) 词汇变换，句型变换

⑵逻辑变换(10%)即逆否变换

2 取非题

⑴直接取非：强对比出题如已知A≠B,问B=?

⑵改善题：虚拟语气+表示改善的说法(improve,比较级)

做法：回文章中找到缺点，做取非

3 举例作用题：in order to(tips:选选项中有illustrate, give an example的)

结论是例子服务的对象，所以在结论中去找答案

4 排除题：文字变换游戏而已

篇6：GRE阅读速度如何稳中求胜

GRE阅读速度如何稳中求胜?这些控制和提速技巧值得一看

GRE阅读控速提速方法：词汇基础打扎实

做GRE阅读时，并不需要认识文章里的所有单词。如果章中一些名词不认识，可以去猜，练习猜词的能力，毕竟考试中肯定会有词不认识，要根据上下文推测下。

但是，如果是一些重要的形容词，名词，动词，那么还是要熟悉才行。因为这些词反映了作者的态度和文章转折等结构，所以要做到对这些词熟练认识，形成条件反射，一看到就能反应出词义。

建议可以去背下阅读类单词表，平时做阅读时对于重要的可以推理作者态度的词也总结背下来。

GRE阅读控速提速方法：每天练习长难句

建议各位考生保持每天都练习一下长难句，以不看答案，自己分析为标准。每看完一句长难句，都做一下相关训练，对提高阅读速度非常有帮助。看长难句最好每天都花一个小时，看的时候逐渐增加阅读速度。

GRE阅读控速提速方法：速度训练

很多教材都介绍了很多阅读把握逻辑框架的技巧，比如not only后的跳过，but also后的重点读，however后的要重点度之类的。建议大家不能盲目记这些技巧，最好亲手总结适合自己的方法，毕竟很多时候gre细节题考的都是一些要”跳过的“插入语，或者for example之后的内容。如果读的时候直接跳过了，就会有问题。比如一篇反驳老观点的阅读，看到第一个词many people，就可以扫过这句找however，因为however肯定是指出他的不足和他对比，通过however的观点，脑子里就可以推出many people 的观点，这样就可以略过不少内容。同时，一定要边读边动脑子，而不是盲目吸收信息。大家都知道新gre是逻辑考试，不是简答的语言考试，不要用做中学英语阅读的那套。如果阅读中遇到读不懂的长难句，就仔细破解，找主谓宾，静下心来破解。这样把握了结构做题的时候，遇到主旨题，细节题，作者态度题就可以直接解决，不用回头看文章，然后遇到细节题，回去快速定位找下，毕竟文章理解了，定位会很快。

GRE阅读控速提速方法：卡时间训练

可以从每篇文章6分钟，5分钟，4分钟等逐渐减少时间的方法根据个人情况一步步训练。根据每篇文章分配的时间，来有取舍的读，每篇短阅读2分钟读完，能读多少是多少，但是要把整体文章读完。还要求宏观读全文，文章把握住逻辑结构和观点即可，细节不要太深究，加快节奏。

以上就是GRE阅读控制解题速度和提速方法的介绍，希望大家都能在GRE阅读考试中把握好考试时间，顺利取得满意的成绩。

GRE阅读题目解析:生物多样性与岛屿面积

P27

MacArthur and Wilson suggested that the biodiversity of an island will vary in direct proportion to a function of the island’s size (i.e., larger islands can support a greater number of species) and in inverse proportion to a function of its distance from the mainland (i.e., many remote islands will tend to support fewer species). Reduced biodiversity in an island context is likely to require significant adaptation on the part of colonizing human populations. Evans argues that this limitation makes islands ideal laboratories for the study of human adaptations to the natural environment, whilst Renfrew and Wagstaff, in the introduction to their study of Melos, focus on this limitation in biodiversity as a “significant characteristic of the island ecosystem.” For human communities, however, this limitation may potentially be offset by other factors. The reduced biodiversity of an island ecosystem applies only to terrestrial resources: the resources of the sea will be as rich as on any other coastal area, and may be equally important to human communities. A small island such as Malta or Melos allows all communities direct access to the sea, providing an important nutritional “safety net,” as well as an element of dietary diversity, which may actually give island communities an advantage over their landlocked counterparts. Islands may also have specific nonbiological resources (such as obsidian on Melos), which may be used in exchange with communities on other islands and adjacent mainlands.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. evaluate two contrasting approaches to island biodiversity

B. discuss the relevance of certain data pertaining to island biodiversity

C. call into question a particular understanding of island biodiversity

D. consider various reasons for reduced biodiversity on islands

E. contrast large and small islands in terms of overall biodiversity

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

2. According to the author, factors of potential importance to human communities on islands include

A. the accessibility of the sea’s resources

B. a diet superior in some respects to the diet of landlocked communities

C. nonbiological resources that can be exploited

3. The author suggests that in considering the biodiversity of islands, Evans

A. focuses too exclusively on terrestrial resources

B. misunderstands the relationship between an island’s size and its terrestrial resources

C. misinterprets the work of MacArthur and Wilson

D. is wrong to assume that more remote islands support fewer species

E. downplays the ways that human communities adapt to island biodiversity

P27

M 和 W 认为，岛上的生物多样性与岛的面积成正比(即更大的岛能承载更多的物种)，且与岛至大陆的距离成反比(即很多偏远的岛屿物种更少)。

(in proportion to 相对于某事物来说，与某事物成比例

i.e. 也就是说，换言之，即，that is)

Reduced biodiversity in an island context is likely to require significant adaptation on the part of colonizing human populations.

生物多样性变差的岛屿生存环境，似乎需要栖居岛上的人类付出更多努力来适应之。

Evans argues that this limitation makes islands ideal laboratories for the study of human adaptations to the natural environment, whilst Renfrew and Wagstaff, in the introduction to their study of Melos, focus on this limitation in biodiversity as a “significant characteristic of the island ecosystem.”

E 指出，这种限制令岛屿成为研究人类适应自然环境的理想实验室，而 R 和 Ws 在他们关于米洛斯岛的研究的引言中，把这种生物多样性的限制称为 “ 岛屿生态系统的重要特点 ” 。

(

【AHD】

Milos 也作 Melos

An island of southeast Greece in the Cyclades Islands of the Aegean Sea. It was a flourishing trade and obsidian-mining center in ancient times but lost importance when bronze replaced obsidian as a material for tools and weapons. The famous statueVenus de Milo was discovered here in 1820.

米洛斯岛：希腊东南部一岛屿，位于爱琴海的基克拉迪群岛。古时为一繁荣的贸易中心及黑曜岩采掘中心，但自青铜代替黑曜岩成为制造工具和武器的材料之后，该城逐渐没落。著名的《米洛斯岛的维纳斯》雕像于18发现于此

)

For human communities, however, this limitation may potentially be offset by other factors.

然而对人群来说，这种限制可能被其他因素潜在地抵消了。

(offset平衡，中和，补偿)

The reduced biodiversity of an island ecosystem applies only to terrestrial resources: the resources of the sea will be as rich as on any other coastal area, and may be equally important to human communities.

岛屿生态系统匮乏的生物多样性只与陆生资源有关：海洋资源则与任何沿海地区一样丰富，且可能对岛民同等重要(如同海洋资源对沿海聚居的人群那样重要)。

(apply to 与 … 有关，适用于 …，对 … 有效)

A small island such as Malta or Melos allows all communities direct access to the sea, providing an important nutritional “safety net,” as well as an element of dietary diversity, which may actually give island communities an advantage over their landlocked counterparts.

像马耳他或米洛斯这样的小岛，所有人都可以直接接触到海，海洋为他们提供了一种重要的营养 “ 安全保障 ”，也丰富了食物种类，实际上，这令岛民比深陷内陆的人们更有优势。

(

【AHD】

Malta

An island country in the Mediterranean Sea south of Sicily, comprising the island of Malta and two smaller islands. Occupied successively by Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Romans, Saracens, and Normans, Malta was granted to the Knights Hospitalers in 1530 and passed to France in 1798 and Great Britain in 1800. The country became independent in 1964. Valletta, on Malta Island, is the capital. Population, 331,997.

马耳他：地中海中的一个岛国，位于西西里岛南面，包括马耳他岛和两个较小的岛屿。它先后被腓尼基人、希腊人、迦太基人、罗马人、阿拉伯人和诺曼底人占领，1530年马耳他被赐赏给僧侣骑士团，17又回归法国，18转让给了英国。1964年马耳他独立。马耳他岛上的瓦莱塔是其首都。人口331,997

safety net 原指马戏团表演高空杂技(如空中飞人)时，场地下方支起的大网，后引申为保护措施

)

Islands may also have specific nonbiological resources (such as obsidian on Melos), which may be used in exchange with communities on other islands and adjacent mainlands.

岛屿还可能拥有某种非生物资源(比如米洛斯岛上的黑曜石)，可以用来跟其他岛或附近大陆贸易。

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. evaluate two contrasting approaches to island biodiversity

B. discuss the relevance of certain data pertaining to island biodiversity

C. call into question a particular understanding of island biodiversity

D. consider various reasons for reduced biodiversity on islands

E. contrast large and small islands in terms of overall biodiversity

选 C

根据句 2：

Reduced biodiversity in an island context is likely to require significant adaptation on the part of colonizing human populations.

动植物的种类少，貌似需要人类努力适应。句 3 列举了两拨学者的观点，都是为了支撑句 2 的推论。然而从句 4 开始，作者话锋一转，用句 4 - 7 反驳了这种观点。所以选 C 。

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

2. According to the author, factors of potential importance to human communities on islands include

A. the accessibility of the sea’s resources

B. a diet superior in some respects to the diet of landlocked communities

C. nonbiological resources that can be exploited

选 ABC

根据句 6、7：

Islands may also have specific nonbiological resources(such as obsidian on Melos), which may be used in exchange with communities on other islands and adjacent mainlands.

尽量做对这种题，因为没有更简单的了。

3. The author suggests that in considering the biodiversity of islands, Evans

A. focuses too exclusively on terrestrial resources

B. misunderstands the relationship between an island’s size and its terrestrial resources

C. misinterprets the work of MacArthur and Wilson

D. is wrong to assume that more remote islands support fewer species

E. downplays the ways that human communities adapt to island biodiversity

选 A

比较绕的一题。

首先你要意识到，作者通篇的目的，是为了反驳句 2 的观点：

Reduced biodiversity in an island context is likely torequire significant adaptation on the part of colonizing human populations.

is likely to 如何如何(实际情况未必是这样)。

问题是，关于 Evans 通篇只有一句话：Evans argues that this limitation makes islands ideal laboratories for the study of human adaptations to the natural environment …

实在看不出作者反对他什么。

不妨换个方向思考。

既然作者反对句 2，Evans 支持句 2，那么作者如何反驳了句 2，可能就是作者对 Evans 的态度，直到我们在句 5 得到重要提示：

The reduced biodiversity of an island ecosystem applies only to terrestrial resources : the resources of the sea will be as rich as on any other coastal area, and may be equally important to human communities.

既然 Evans 认为 reduced biodiversity 那么重要，以致到了考验岛民适应能力的程度，那么我们有理由怀疑，作者认为 Evans 过于强调，或只强调 terrestrial resources 了，没有看到海洋资源的因素。

所以选 A 。

GRE阅读题目解析:地震断层

P26

Most seismologists assume that following a major earthquake and its aftershocks, the fault (a break in Earth’s crust where pressure can trigger an earthquake) will remain quiet until stresses have time to rebuild, typically over hundreds or thousands of years. Recent evidence of subtle interactions between earthquakes may overturn this assumption, however. According to the stress triggering hypothesis, faults are unexpectedly responsive to subtle stresses they acquire as neighboring faults shift. Rather than simply dissipating, stress relieved during an earthquake travels along the fault, concentrating in sites nearby; even the smallest additional stresses may then trigger another quake along the fault or on a nearby fault. Although scientists have long viewed such subtle interactions as nonexistent, the hypothesis has explained the location and frequency of earthquakes following several destructive quakes in California, Japan, and Turkey.

1. According to the passage, which of the following is an assumption that may be invalidated by recent seismological evidence?

A. Earthquakes are caused by stresses building up in faults within Earth’s crust.

B. Most major earthquakes can be predicted with reasonable accuracy.

C. Faults are highly responsive to even minor stresses in neighboring faults.

D. Most major earthquakes are followed by predictable aftershocks.

E. A fault that has resulted in a major earthquake becomes quiet for a long period.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

2. The passage suggests that most seismologists believe which of the following about fault stresses?

A. They are dissipated when they result in an earthquake.

B. They are transferred between neighboring faults.

C. They will not cause a major earthquake along the same fault in the space of a few years.

P26

Most seismologists【sīz-'m?-l?-jist, sīs】 assume that following a major earthquake and its aftershocks, the fault (a break in Earth’s crust where pressure can trigger an earthquake) will remain quiet until stresses have time to rebuild, typically over hundreds or thousands of years.

多数地震学家假设，一次大地震及其余震过后，断层(地壳的一处断裂，挤压可能引发地震)会沉寂一段时间，直到压力随时间重新积累，往往要经过成百上千年。

Recent evidence of subtle interactions between earthquakes may overturn this assumption, however.

然而最近发现的一些，地震之间存在细微互动的证据，可能推翻这种假设。

According to the stress triggering hypothesis, faults are unexpectedly responsive to subtle stresses they acquire as neighboring faults shift.

根据压力触发假设，断层不该对附近断层移动所产生的细微压力有反应。

Rather than simply dissipating, stress relieved during an earthquake travels along the fault, concentrating in sites nearby; even the smallest additional stresses may then trigger another quake along the fault or on a nearby fault.

一次地震释放出的压力并不简单地消散，而是沿断层传递，集聚在附近某处;即使是最小的外加压力，都可能触发断层沿线或附近其他断层的再次地震。

Although scientists have long viewed such subtle interactions as nonexistent, the hypothesis has explained the location and frequency of earthquakes following several destructive quakes in California, Japan, and Turkey.

尽管科学家们一直认为不存在这种小互动，但这种假设解释了发生在加州，日本和土耳其的，一系列紧跟着破坏性大地震的，地震的地点和频率。

1. According to the passage, which of the following is an assumption that may be invalidated by recent seismological evidence?

A. Earthquakes are caused by stresses building up in faults within Earth’s crust.

B. Most major earthquakes can be predicted with reasonable accuracy.

C. Faults are highly responsive to even minor stresses in neighboring faults.

D. Most major earthquakes are followed by predictable aftershocks.

E. A fault that has resulted in a major earthquakebecomes quiet for a long period.

选 E

细节题，根据在句 1：

句 2 说这种假设被挑战了：

Recent evidence of subtle interactions between earthquakes may overturn this assumption, however.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

2. The passage suggests that most seismologists believe which of the following about fault stresses?

A. They are dissipated when they result in an earthquake.

B. They are transferred between neighboring faults.

C. They will not cause a major earthquake along the same fault in the space of a few years.

选 AC

另一道细节题。

most seismologists 持哪种观点?

根据第一句，他们同意作者攻击的那种观点，即认为断层经过一次地震后，要安静一段时间，等积蓄了足够力量才会再次爆发。

所以选 AC。

B 属于作者支持的新假设，即压力仍潜伏在断层沿线或周围，稍有风吹草动它们要触发另一次地震，所以不选。

GRE阅读题目解析:太阳更热更大的恒星

P25

Hotter and more massive than the Sun, stars called “stragglers” are puzzling to astronomers because such rapidly burning stars would not be expected to persist in ancient star clusters. Some researchers believe that the typical blue stragglers formed when two ancient, lower-mass stars collide and merge form more massive, hotter star. Peter Leonard theorizes alternatively that in low density globular clusters, where mergers between single stars occur too infrequently to account for the observed quantity of blue stragglers, these stragglers are created instead by a group of stars. He suggests that a pair of stars already orbiting each other presents a larger target for a third star or another pair. Once this new grouping forms, close encounters between the stars could prompt any two to merge as a blue straggler. Leonard’s model predicts that each blue straggler has a distant orbiting companion—as appears true of many blue stragglers in the M67 cluster of the Milky Way galaxy.

1. The reference to a “larger target” serves primarily to suggest why a

A. blue straggler would be more likely to collide and merge with another star than would be a lower-mass star

B. pair of stars would be more likely to encounter other stars than would the typical blue straggler

C. pair of stars would be more likely to interact with other stars than would a single star

D. blue straggler would be more likely to interact with a pair of stars than it would with a third star

E. third star would be more likely to encounter a pair than it would to encounter a blue straggler

2. Information presented in the passage suggests which of the following about blue stragglers?

A. They originate from stars that are hotter and more massive than the Sun.

B. They are burning more rapidly than other types of stars observed in ancient star clusters.

C. They are older than most other types of stars within the same star cluster.

D. They are less numerous in low-density globular clusters than are pairs of stars.

E. They generally originate from the oldest stars among those found in ancient star clusters.

3. The passage cites which of the following as evidence undermining the theory presented in the second sentence?

A. A discrepancy between the number of mergers between single stars in certain low-density globular clusters and that in other low-density globular clusters

B. A discrepancy between the heat and mass of blue stragglers formed by one type of process and the heat and mass of blue stragglers formed by another type of process

C. A discrepancy between the frequency of star mergers in low-density globular clusters and those in high-density globular clusters

D. A discrepancy between the amount of heat and mass of ancient single stars and that of blue stragglers

E. A discrepancy between the number of mergers between single stars in certain star clusters and the number of blue stragglers in those clusters

P25

Hotter and more massive than the Sun, stars called “stragglers” are puzzling to astronomers because such rapidly burning stars would not be expected to persist in ancient star clusters.

比太阳更热也更大的恒星，称为 “ straggler ”，它们令天文学家迷惑，因为燃烧得如此快速的恒星，不该一直存在于古老的星团中。

(straggler 本义是掉队的人，落后的人，别人都走了他还呆在原地的人，中文语境基本把指恒星的 straggler 翻译成超蓝巨星。)

Some researchers believe that the typical blue stragglers formed when two ancient, lower-mass stars collide and merge form more massive, hotter star.

一些研究者相信，典型的超蓝巨星，由两颗古老的，质量较低的恒星相撞结合而成，质量更大，更热。

Peter Leonard theorizes alternatively that in low density globular clusters, where mergers between single stars occur too infrequently to account for the observed quantity of blue stragglers, these stragglers are created instead by a group of stars.

P L 提出另一种理论，即在低密度球状星团中，单独的恒星联合太罕见了，无法解释已经观测到的如此多的超蓝巨星，这些超蓝巨星是一群恒星产生的。

He suggests that a pair of stars already orbiting each other presents a larger target for a third star or another pair.

他认为，一对已经互相吸引彼此环绕的恒星，对于第三颗恒星或另一对互绕的恒星，是更大的目标。

Once this new grouping forms, close encounters between the stars could prompt any two to merge as a blue straggler.

一旦形成新的编组，恒星间的近距离接触，可能促使任何两颗恒星结合成一颗超蓝巨星。

Leonard’s model predicts that each blue straggler has a distant orbiting companion — as appears true of many blue stragglers in the M67 cluster of the Milky Way galaxy.

L 的模型预测，每颗超蓝巨星都有一个远距离按轨道环绕的同伴 —— 银河系 M67 星团，似乎的确有很多这样的超蓝巨星。

1. The reference to a “larger target” serves primarily to suggest why a

A. blue straggler would be more likely to collide and merge with another star than would be a lower-mass star

B. pair of stars would be more likely to encounter other stars than would the typical blue straggler

C. pair of stars would be more likely to interact with other stars than would a single star

D. blue straggler would be more likely to interact with a pair of stars than it would with a third star

E. third star would be more likely to encounter a pair than it would to encounter a blue straggler

选 C

没啥讲的，看翻译。

2. Information presented in the passage suggests which of the following about blue stragglers?

A. They originate from stars that are hotter and more massive than the Sun.

B. They are burning more rapidly than other types of stars observed in ancient star clusters.

C. They are older than most other types of stars within the same star cluster.

D. They are less numerous in low-density globular clusters than are pairs of stars.

E. They generally originate from the oldest stars among those found in ancient star clusters.

选 B

根据句 1：

Hotter and more massive than the Sun, stars called “stragglers” are puzzling to astronomers because such rapidly burning stars would not be expected to persist in ancient star clusters.

同义转述。

A 错。hotter and more massive 说的是 blue straggler 而不是形成 blue straggler 的恒星们。

C 错。blue straggler 可能挺 old，看不出 older than most others 。

D 开始乱比了。

E 未知信息。

3. The passage cites which of the following as evidence undermining the theory presented in the second sentence?

A. A discrepancy between the number of mergers between single stars in certain low-density globular clusters and that in other low-density globular clusters

B. A discrepancy between the heat and mass of blue stragglers formed by one type of process and the heat and mass of blue stragglers formed by another type of process

C. A discrepancy between the frequency of star mergers in low-density globular clusters and those in high-density globular clusters

D. A discrepancy between the amount of heat and mass of ancient single stars and that of blue stragglers

E. A discrepancy between the number of mergers between single stars in certain star clusters and the number of blue stragglers in those clusters

选 E

先看句 2 提出了什么理论：

Some researchers believe that the typical blue stragglers formed when two ancient, lower-mass stars collide and merge form more massive, hotter star.

然后作者在句 3 中提到：

综合两句，选 E。

篇7：三招教你提高GRE阅读速度

三招教你提高GRE阅读速度

提高GRE阅读速度一 : 减少每行的注视次数，缩短注视时间以提高阅读速度

阅读并非沿直线进行，而是一连串的扫视加跳跃。每次扫视要么以注视结束，要么就是对注视范围内文字短暂快照。未经训练的人每次注视持续1/4到1/2秒。要弄明白这一点，闭上一只眼，手指轻轻的放在眼皮上。用另一只眼睛慢慢的扫描一条水平直线——这样你会感觉到明显、分离的眼球运动和注视持续的时间。

提高GRE阅读速度二：去除回头读和跳回读以提高速度

未经训练的人总是回头读(有意识回读)和跳回读(通过不正确的注视实现的下意识回读)，这些占用全部阅读时间的30%。

提高GRE阅读速度三: 必须反复做适应练习来扩大水平边缘视线范围，提高每次注视的字数

未经训练的人阅读的时候会注视中央区域，而不会利用水平边缘视线，浪费了50%每次注视可以辨识的字。

如何提高

1) 学习技巧

2) 学会在适应练习里把技巧和速度相结合

3)学会自我测试阅读理解

这几步要分开，整个适应过程也取决于能否把这几个部分分开。比如说，学习快速运用肌体运动机能的时候，就不需要担心理解的问题。适应过程如下：技巧、技巧加速度、理解性阅读测试。一条普遍规律就是，练习技巧的时候，要以3倍于最终目标阅读速度进行。也就是说，如果现速度每分钟300字，目标是 900字，那么练习速度就是1800字或者说每分钟 6页(即十秒一页)。

新GRE逻辑阅读

1. Drug companies lose money when manufacturing drugs that cure those suffering from rare diseasesbecause selling a drug to only a few people usually does not recoup manufacturingexpenses.Therefore, a company manufacturing any of the drugs that cure those suffering from loxemia, an extremely rare disease, will undoubtedly lose money. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?

(A)Several drugs that cure those suffering from loxemia also cure those suffering from very common illnesses.

(B)Most of those who contract loxemia also con- tract another illness concurrently.

(C)Most of the drug companies that manufacture drugs that cure rare diseases do not manufac- ture drugs that cure loxemia.

(D)A sizable number of people are afflicted with one or another rare disease even though each rare disease afflicts only a small number of people.

(E)The larger the amount of a drug that is manu- factured, the lower the manufacturing expense for each unit of the drug that is produced.

2.The tomb of a warrior killed in 1501 bears a sculpted portrait depicting him dressed for battle.Some his- torians attribute the portrait to an artist from that century, but of the many references to the tomb in surviving documents, none that predates the 1800's mentions the portrait.The portrait is therefore more likely the work of a much later artist. Which of the following, if true, would also support the conclusion of the argument if substituted for the evidence given concerning the portrait?

(A)The portrait of the warrior was commissioned by the family of the warrior's widow.

(B)References in surviving documents mention that an artist was paid in 1525 for an unspecified number of works for the church in which the tomb is located

(C)The warrior is depicted in the portrait as wearing boots made of a material not used for boots until the 1700's.

(D)Some other art treasures from the church in which the tomb is located have been reliable dated to the 1400's.

(E)The portrait of the warrior on the tomb strongly resembles a portrait of him known to have

been completed during his lifetime.

3.Scientist：More than 1, 000 large asteroids regularly cross the Earth's path.Even though the probabil- ity of one colliding with the Earth is extremely slight, we should do whatever we can to reduce that probability since any such collision would be catastrophic.The best way to avoid such a disaster is to deflect the asteroids.The only known way of deflecting asteroids is by hitting them with nuclear weapons that would be stored in space stations. The scientist’s claims are structured so as to lead to which of the following conclusions?

(A)Nuclear technology is the only technology that can plausibly be used to prevent natural catastrophes.

(B)Nuclear weapons should be deployed in space.

(C)No catastrophe has yet been caused by the collision of an asteroid with the Earth.

(D)The 1, 000 large asteroids that cross the Earth's path pose only an extremely slight risk of colliding with the Earth.

(E)There is currently no acceptable use to which nuclear weapons can be put, aside from pro- tecting the Earth from asteroids.

4.It has long been thought that high levels of the hor- mone testosterone contribute to the onset of heart disease in men.However, this view cannot be correct, since men who have heart disease typically show significantly lower levels of testosterone than do men who have not had heart disease. The argument above assumes which of the following?

(A)Many men who have never had heart disease have unusually low levels of testosterone.

(B)Having heart disease does not significantly lower the level of testosterone in men.

(C)Levels of hormones other than testosterone significantly affect the likelihood that a man will develop heart disease.

(D)Heart disease and lowered testosterone levels in men are the effects of a single common cause.

(E)High levels of testosterone have never been thought to contribute to a serious disease other than heart disease.

5.People who engage in scuba diving are healthier, on average, than people who do not engage in this activity.

Therefore, scuba diving tends to promote improved health. The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it

(A)presupposes that everyone who takes up scuba diving does so solely for health reasons

(B)leads to a further and falsifiable conclusion that no one can achieve good health without engaging in scuba diving

(C)fails to point out that a small number of people are seriously injured in scuba diving accidents each year

(D)treats a precondition for improving one's health as though it were something that by itself could ensure good health

(E)overlooks the possibility that people generally do not take up scuba diving unless they are in good health

6.Which of the following most logically completes the argument below? In recent years, the proportion of car buyers who buy new cars rather than used cars has declined.Some consumers have attributed this change to an increase in new-car prices.As evidence of the price increase, they cite figures that show that, even adjusting for inflation, the price that the buyer of a new car pays, on average, is far higher now than a few years ago. This evidence is unpersuasive, however, because

(A)the value of a car that is bought new declines much more rapidly than does the value of a car that is bought used

(B)after someone has bought a car, it might be several years before that person next buys a car

(C)a decline in the proportion of car buyers who buy new cars must necessarily mean that the proportion who buy used cars has increased

(D)the relative increase in used-car sales might be explained by the decisions of only a small proportion of all car buyers

(E)the change in the average price paid for a new car could result solely from more people's rejecting inexpensive new cars in favor of used cars

7.In Bassaria a group of that country's most senior judges has criticized the uniform mandatory sentences recently introduced for certain specific crimes.The judges argue that such sentences, by depriving them of all discretion in setting sentences, make it impos- sible for them to consider either aggravating or exten- uating circumstances and so make it impossible to achieve true justice―the fitting of the severity of the punishment to the gravity of the particular crime. Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence for the claim that in Bassaria the newly introduced mandatory sentences are not necessarily a change for the worse with respect to achieving true justice as defined in the argument?

(A)Before mandatory sentencing, judges in eastern Bassaria imposed strikingly different sentences from those in western Bassaria for equally grave instances of the same kind of offense.

(B)In Bassaria the frequency of crimes that have been made subject to mandatory sentences is lower now than it was just prior to the intro- duction of mandatory sentencing.

(C)The law introducing mandatory sentences was passed in the legislature of Bassaria by a large

majority and is unlikely to be repealed in the foreseeable future.

(D)There used to be a wide difference between the minimum and the maximum sentences allowed

by law in cases of crimes now subject to man- datory sentences.

(E)In Bassaria judges are appointed for life and are thus not easily influenced by political pressure

groups.

8.Each of two particular inspection systems that are based on different principles would detect all product flaws but would also erroneously reject three percent of flawless products.Assuming there is no overlap between the products erroneously rejected by the two systems and also no interference between the systems if both operate, using both systems and rejecting only those products found flawed by both would be a way of avoiding all erroneous rejections. Which of the following most precisely characterizes the reasoning in the argument?

(A)The reasoning is conclusive, that is, the conclusion cannot be false if the statements offered in its support are true.

(B)The reasoning is strong but not conclusive, if the statements offered in support of the conclusion are true, they provide good grounds for that conclu- sion, though it is possible that additional infor- mation might weaken the argument.

(C)The reasoning is weak; the statements offered in support of the conclusion, though relevant to it, by themselves provide at best inadequate grounds for the conclusion.

(D)The reasoning is flawed in that the conclusion is no more than a paraphrase of one of the pieces of evidence offered in its support.

(E)The reasoning is flawed in that the argument treats evidence that a factor is necessary to bring about an event as if it were evidence that the factor is sufficient to bring about that event.

9. In recent years, there has been a dramatic decline in the population of the shrike, a predatory bird that inhabits flat land, such as farms and pastures. Some ornithologists hypothesize that this decline is due to the introduction of new, more effective pesticides to control the insect species on which shrikes prey. The answer to which of the following questions is NOT relevant to evaluating the ornithologists'hypothesis?

(A) Was there a decline in the shrike population before the new pesticides were first used?

(B) Have shrike populations declined significantly in those habitats where the new pesticides have not been used?

(C) Have the new pesticides more significantly reduced the population of insect species on which shrikes prey than did the pesticides previously used?

(D) Are insects that have consumed the new pesti- cides more toxic to the shrikes that eat those insects than were insects that consumed the less effective pesticides?

(E) Are the new pesticides considered by most people to be less harmful to the environmentthan the old pesticides were considered to be?

10. Census data for Prenland show that unmarried Prenlandic men in their thirties outnumber unmarried Prenlandic women in that age group by about ten to One. Most of these men do wish to marry. Clearly, however, unless many of them marry women who are not Prenlandic, all but a minority will remain unmarried. The argument makes which of the following assump- tions?

(A) Emigration from Preland is more common among women than among men.

(B) A greater proportion of Prelandic women in their thirties than of Prenlandic men of the same age would prefer to remain unmarried.

(C) It is unlikely that many of these unmarried Prenlandic men will marry women more than a few years older than themselves.

(D) Prenland has a high rate of divorce.

(E) Most of the unmarried Prenlandic men are unwilling to marry women who are not Prenlandic.

11.Certain extremely harmful bacteria found only in sewage are difficult to detect directly. Testing forE. coli, an easily detected and less harmful type of bacteria, in ocean water would be a reliable way of determining whether or not these more harmful bac- teria are present, since ocean water contains E. Coli only if the water is contaminated with sewage that contains the harmful bacteria. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

(A) There are many different strains of the E. coli bacteria, and only some of these strains are harmful.

(B) Some types of bacteria found in sewage are neither disease-causing nor difficult to detect

directly.

(C) Some of the types of bacteria found in sewage along with E. coli are not harmful to people unless the bacteria are ingested in large quantities.

(D) E. coli dies out much more quickly than some of the more harmful bacteria found in sewage and then can no longer be easily detected.

(E) Some of the types of bacteria found in sewage along with E. coli reproduce at a slower rate than E. coli.

12.The organizers of tomorrow's outdoor concert announced that it will go on tomorrow on schedule unless bad weather is forecast or too few advance tickets are sold. If the concert is canceled, refunds will be made to ticket holders. Since some ticket holders have already been issued refunds even though more than enough advance tickets were sold, it must be the case that bad weather is forecast. Which of the following is an error of reasoning con- tained in the argument?

(A) It proceeds as if a condition, which by itself is enough to guarantee a certain result, is the only condition under which that result would occur.

(B) It bases a conclusion that is known to require two conditions on evidence that bears on only one of those conditions.

(C) It explains one event as being caused by another event, even though both events must actually have been caused by some third, unidentified event.

(D) It treats evidence for the absence of one condi- tion under which a circumstance would occur as conclusive evidence that that circumstance will not occur.

(E) Evidence given to support the conclusion actually undermines it.

13. Although the prevailing supposition has been that it is too hot for microorganisms to survive deep below the Earth's surface, some scientists argue that there are living communities of microorganisms there that have been cut off from surface life for millions of years. These scientists base their argument on the discovery of living microorganisms in samples of material that were taken from holes drilled as deep as 1.74 miles. The scientists' argument depends on which of the fol- lowing assumptions?

(A)The microorganisms brought up were of a species that is related to those previously known to science.

(B)No holes have been drilled into the Earth's surface to a distance deeper than 1.74 miles

(C)The microorganisms did not come from surface soil that came into contact with the drilling equipment.

(D) The stratum from which the samples came has been below the surface of the Earth ever since

the Earth came into existence.

(E) The temperature at the bottom of the holes drilled was not significantly hotter than that of the hottest spots on the Earth's surface.

14. For 20 years all applicants for jobs as technicians at EquipCorp were required to demonstrate that they could operate and repair the machinery that was central to EquipCorp's manufacturing business. Now, however, that particular machinery is obsolete, and very different machinery fills the central role. Therefore, the old requirement is no longer a useful method for evaluating whether applicants for jobs as technicians at EquipCorp have the skills necessary for the job. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

(A) The machinery that is now obsolete was used by a large number of manufacturing companies before it became obsolete.

(B) Among the people already holding jobs as tech- nicians at Equip Corp, those who are most skillfulat operating the new machinery had been some of the least skillful at operating the old machinery

(C) Most people applying for jobs as technicians today have much broader skills than did people applying for jobs as technicians 20 years ago.

(D) The skills required to operate and repair the obsolete machinery are useful in operating and maintaining many other types of machinery at EquipCorp that are not obsolete.

(E) Much of the machinery that EquipCorp now uses in manufacturing is very likely to become obsolete within the next 20 years.

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