如何避免托福阅读中的回读（共5篇）由网友“霍克利夫人”投稿提供，下面是小编整理过的如何避免托福阅读中的回读，欢迎大家阅读分享借鉴，希望对大家有所帮助。
篇1：如何避免托福阅读中的回读
Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.
When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.
In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.
1. What is the main idea of the passage ?
(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.
(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.
(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.
(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.
2. The word They in line 2 refers to
(A) aviculturists
(B) birds
(C) eggs
(D) rates
3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler
than the top, then
(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation
(B) the embryo will not develop normally
(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.
(D) the incubation process is slowed down
4. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to
(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick
(B) hold the nest together
(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest
(D) make the nest bigger
5. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to
(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest
(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest
(C) keep the nest in a clean condition
(D) touch the bottom of the eggs
6. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT
(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest
(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest
(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell
(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell
7. The word suspend in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) build
(B) paint
(C) hang
(D) move
8. The word fatal in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) close
(B) deadly
(C) natural
(D) hot
9. The word secure in line 27 is closest in meaning to
(A) fresh
(B) dry
(C) safe
(D) warm
10. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides
(A) a constant source of humidity
(B) a strong nest box
(C) more room for newly hatched chicks
(D) protection against cold weather
11. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?
(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.
(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly
(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.
(D) They are expensive to operate.
12. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) Aviculturists (line 1)
(B) gradient (line 8)
(C) incubation (line 15)
(D) embryo (line 22)
篇2：托福阅读怎样避免过度思考
托福阅读怎样避免过度思考?明确题目选项设置思路是关键
托福阅读选项设置原理简介
ETS在设置选项时，会出现很多迷惑性的、看似与原文相似的信息;比如A、B选项实际都是原文本身不存在、却被随意推断出来的信息，而这种选项一定错;同时正确答案会与原文发生paraphrase, 中文俗称“同义转述”。
托福阅读做题思路实例讲解
既然思路已经明确了，那么我们看下面一道题目：
The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:“ The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.”
Q：According to the paragraph, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?
A：The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.
B：Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.
C：Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.
D：Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.
答案和思路分析
答案是C。
题目问FV地区有什么转变，取自原文最后一句：鹿消失了，是为保护庄稼而猎杀殆尽。destroyed转述原文的were gone。
我们观察下D选项，“庄稼产量减少了”。会有同学开脑洞，难道不是因为庄稼要废了，才去保护的吗?所以也可以理解为庄稼的转变?--不选的原理很简单：原文没明说，不能随意推断。
综上所述，托福考生们在面对阅读题时一定要记得忠实于原文，不乱猜不瞎猜更不能想太多，这次是做对托福阅读题所需要具备的基本品质。
托福阅读：为何看懂了托福阅读做题还出错?
实际上，我们在平时讲话的时候，或者是听一些笑话的时候，我们也认为我们理解了对方的话或者是笑话里的意思，可真的是这样吗?
有时候，一些人在讲话或者是说事的时候，总是不会很直白地表达出自己的意思。这是为什么?就是因为讲话的人会觉得用直白的方式讲出来，一是会显得自己讲话没有档次，二是讲话的技巧就是如此，总喜欢留一些东西让听者去思考。如果按这样的方式来说的话，那么，接下来讲英语阅读的时候，就好说了。
同学们认为自己理解了那篇文章，都看懂了那篇文章，实际上真是如此吗?错，大错特错，根本不是这样的。
一个人对同一件事情的理解有万万千千，毕竟，我们生活的环境以及我们接受到的教育或者是思维方式都有特别大的区别，所以，在标准答案前，我们所有的被说成是理解了的东西，都是不理解。
因此对于托福阅读试题来讲，也是自然的，许多同学觉得，哎哟，这篇托福阅读文章怎么这么容易理解呀，太轻易了吧，于是，很着急很自信地就把后面的选择题给做掉了，做完了后，感觉良好。但是，实际上，最好得到的分数却差得让他受不了。就是因为他只是读懂了其中的表面意思，而没有读懂里面的深层意思。
那么如何改变托福阅读备考中这种状况呢?
当然，最好的办法就是做大量的托福阅读练习或者是往年的托福备考资料。你做完后，认真地看答案，认真地看讲解。然后必须要找到自己在哪些方面是欠缺的。认真地思考一下，自己为什么没有理解到深层的意思。只有这样，你的托福阅读考试理解水平才会更上一层楼，而不是停在表面的意思上。
托福阅读：怎样准确判断选项
段意对：
如果某个选项恰好是刚刚笔记上记下的段意，则选项为正确选项。题干要求选出三个能概括文章主要内容的选项，用正常的思维去想一想，我们一般用什么来概括文章的主要内容呢?当然是段意了。
细节错：
人家要的是托福阅读文章的主要内容，细节显然是错误答案。关键是怎么判断细节——标准就是细节是不需要被解释的内容。举个例子：我说“你是个好人”这就不是细节，这个需要解释：你为什么是好人。
可是我说“你朋友借了你100块钱不还你也不催债”，这就是个细节。这句话不需要解释，它是用来解释你是个好人这句话的。所以说，看到一个选项，觉得这话没什么要解释的，那这个选项一定错了。
和文意相反的选项是错的：
这个理由很明白，不用解释什么，关键是你怎么知道哪个选项是和文意相悖的呢?你不是说只读每段的首末句和转折句吗?很多含有细节的句字都读不到呀。
这个问题的解决办法在于做题中积累信息。开始的快速阅读只是构建文章的框架，做主旨题之前的托福阅读试题的过程就是积累细节的过程，这个不用刻意为之，因为之前的题目都是句子定位或者段落定位的，做题的过程中自然会读到每段的细节。
编造出来的选项是错的：
有一种情况是比较让人郁闷的，就是看到一个选项，又不是段意，也不能准确判断就是个细节，并且也判断不出这个选项和文中的那个内容有所违背。这时候有些考生就慌了，觉得自己是文章没有读仔细，又返回去读文章，可是慌慌张张读了半天还是找不到和这个选项有关的内容。
如果掌握托福阅读技巧你就能明白其实不必回去读文章了，关键是头脑要冷静。人家要的文章的主要内容，主要内容一定是某一段的段意或者某几段段意的总结，所以这时候要做的惟一事情就是把段意再总结一遍，如果这个选项和某一段或某几段的段意相符，那么正确，否则这就是一个编造选项，当机立断地把它排除掉!
篇3：托福阅读如何避免陋习认真备考
托福阅读如何备考更高效?避免陋习认真备考
一.不结合上下文直接做题
在考试的时候，很多考生一看到试题便直接翻开始做题目，只根据段落里的一部分内容去断章取义，自己揣测题意。在这种方法相当于瞎子摸象，对文章段落只有局部而主观的认知，整个段落的概念是根本无法获得的。以自己的思想去猜测段落大意，很多时候会偏离段落主旨。所以，这种结合上下文直接做题的方法是极其危险的。
二.过度读文章，耗时太长
有些同学与上述情况则相反，过度地依赖文章，在看到试卷之后，一字不将文章精读一遍再做题。如果你的阅读速度超群，或者这篇文章你很熟悉，那这样做未尝不可。但是一般来说，采用细读会导致做题时间严重不足。要知道，阅读理解测试的不止是理解，更是速度。
三.词汇题不认识一定做不对
熟悉托福考试的同学都知道，托福阅读中的词汇题经常会出现一些难度比较大的词汇，因此在做词汇题时，许多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关，认识单词能做对，不认识单词就会做错。事实上，那些认识的单词经常做错，不认识的单词反而能做对。原因是，做不认识单词时，考生往往会仔细研读词汇题的上下文，力求在上下文中突破。而做认识单词时，忽略上下文的重要性，往往是装模作样的看一下上下文，便匆匆做出抉择。所以，做好词汇题关键是要研读上下文。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,000 years, at least, there has been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and the average temperature of the planet. The importance of carbon dioxide in regulating the Earth's temperature was confirmed by scientists working in eastern Antarctica. Drilling down into a glacier, they extracted a mile-long cylinder of ice from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer upon layer of snow accumulated year after year. Thus drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time.
The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow 160,000 years ago. Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the core and measured the composition of ancient air released from bubbles in the ice. Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen water to get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the time when that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.
The result is a remarkable unbroken record of temperature and of atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age descended on the planet, carbon dioxide levels dropped. When the global temperature dropped 9 F (5 C°), carb°on dioxide levels dropped to 190 parts per million or so. Generally, as each ice age ended and the Earth basked in a warm interglacial period, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 parts per million. Through the 160,000 years of that ice record, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190 and 280 parts per million, but never rose much higher-until the Industrial Revolution beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing today.
There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levels and global temperature change goes back much further than the glacial record. Carbon dioxide levels may have been much greater than the current concentration during the Carboniferous period, 360 to 285 million years ago. The period was named for a profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced a large fraction of the coal deposits that are being brought to the surface and burned today.
1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Chemical causes of ice ages
(B) Techniques for studying ancient layers of ice in glaciers
(C) Evidence of a relationship between levels of carbon dioxide and global temperature
(D) Effects of plant life on carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere
2. The word accumulated in line 6 is closest in meaning to.
(A) spread out
(B) changed
(C) became denser
(D) built up
3. According to the passage , the drilling of the glacier in eastern Antarctica was important
because it
(A) allowed scientists to experiment with new drilling techniques
(B) permitted the study of surface temperatures in an ice-covered region of Earth
(C) provided insight about climate conditions in earlier periods
(D) confirmed earlier findings about how glaciers are formed
4. The phrase tantamount to in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) complementary to
(B) practically the same as
(C) especially well suited to
(D) unlikely to be confused with
5. According to the passage , Grenoble, France, is the place where
(A) instruments were developed for measuring certain chemical elements
(B) scientists first recorded atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide
(C) scientists studied the contents of an ice core from Antarctica
(D) the relationship between carbon dioxide and temperature was discovered
6. According to the passage , scientists used isotopes from the water of the ice core to determine
which of following?
(A) The amount of air that had bubbled to the surface since the ice had formed
(B) The temperature of the atmosphere when the ice was formed
(C) The date at which water had become locked in the glacier
(D) The rate at which water had been frozen in the glacier
7. The word remarkable in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) genuine
(B) permanent
(C) extraordinary
(D) continuous
8. The word link in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) tension
(B) connection
(C) attraction
(D) distance
9. The passage implies that the warmest temperatures among the periods mentioned occurred
(A) in the early eighteenth century
(B) 160,000 years ago
(C) at the end of each ice age
(D) between 360 and 285 million years ago
10. According to the passage , the Carboniferous period was characterized by
(A) a reduction in the number of coal deposits
(B) the burning of a large amount of coal
(C) an abundance of plants
(D) an accelerated rate of glacier formation
11. The passage explains the origin of which of the following terms?
(A) glacier (line 5)
(B) isotopes (line 11)
(C) Industrial Revolution (line 21)
(D) Carboniferous period (lines 26)
PASSAGE 99 CDCBC BCBAC D
篇4：托福阅读中近义词分类
托福阅读中近义词分类整理
阅读近义词完全汇总：
ded=extra( 答案还有continuing) anchor=hold in a place abstract = concrete 文中找反意 Advance = improvement accomplished = achieved Admit (permit to enter) =let in
Adjusted = modificated (adjusted adj.调整过的 ) Annually = yearly
avenue (大路，手段方法) = means advent--introduce(不确定)
a matter of speculation--supposition(speculation的同义词) adjusted--modificated advance--improvement
accumulate-- collect/press down，
(它在原文的句子是the diamonds accumulate in the 什么地方，是因为它的什么什么的特点)
appeal--attraction
attachment to --preference for
array=range n.排列, 编队, 军队, 衣服, 大批 vt.部署, 穿着, 排列 attendant-- accompanying
ascribed to--assumed to be true of afford--provide/purchase/originate/require available--obtainable apparent--obvious alert
beckon= invite
beckoning (引诱人的, 令人心动的)=inviting
Breed = reproduce (breed v.(使)繁殖, 教养, 抚养n.品种, 种类 ) beckoning=inviting breed--reproduce budding brilliant--bright barriers boost --raise boom--expansion beneficial--advantageous classic
constant = stable
counter of = in the opposition of continual = constant consistently= regularly counter of = in the opposite of Critical = significant Critical = significant critical --important critical --essential chisel==carve
counter of--in the opposite of constantly -----regularly(i guess) classic--typical
close--careful (其他选项为 final/instant/restricted) n. 结束 couple--associate commemorate--celebrate correspondence 一致 harmonies confine--limit camouflage--hide constituent--component counterpart --version
consequently--therefore / thus convert--transform “demise”--decline, demand=need
delineate这个我可能错了，但根据上下文，及其象 trace detrimental = harmful
durable=lasting
for instance=for example
fast (go without food) (not sure !!!, donot affect you adversely) forage==feed finding
flourishing--thriving
fragment--break up
Gap (笔试：gap 缺口 ， 裂口 = opening) Generate 产生, 发生 Given = particular gap
hence =therefore harsh =drastic hazard=danger
haul (拖拉, 拖运 )= pull
Heightening (提高，升高) = increasing hider = interfere (笔试：hide = conceal) highlight /layer==inner Hub 中心=center
Hydroelectric (adj.水力 发电的 ) highlight/layer---inner hider-interfere
heightening--increasing host--great number
世纪末19世纪初美国制造业的革新.其中有一题
tailors, butchers and a (host) of trades began to ... hub--center,
hollow n.洞, 窟窿, 山谷 adj.空的, 虚伪的, 空腹的, 凹的 adv.<口>彻底vi.形成空洞 vt.挖空, 弄凹
hamper--make difficulty heed--notice hold -- propose hold--keep up heighten--increase：
“indigenous”----native (in the context), incorporable = included
immediately = closest( 说类人猿是人类最近的进化祖先) In and of themselves (not sure) = alone
Incorporable= Included (Incorporable adj.可结合的, 可包含的 ) indemention Initiate =begin;
Instant = moment (adj. N. 片刻，瞬间) Invariably = always initiate =begin;
托福阅读近义词选择技巧
生词不必害怕
托福阅读考试中对单词量的要求还是很大的，即使单词量很大了，也难免会遇上生僻词的情况，而托福考试中选用的文章说明性特别强，往往是自定义 — 自解释的模式，遇到生词，即使不知道什么意思，也可以根据上下文语境弄清它们之间的关系，运用逻辑推理的方法作出正确的答案。其次，还可以分析选项，进行对比，往往会发现选项中通常会出现两个意思相反的选项，此时再仔细重读原文就可以排除错误选项了。
分段做托福阅读试题
在四六级考试中，阅读时间也很少，虽然单词相对简单，但是篇幅较长，逐字阅读肯定是没有时间的，所以做题技巧中扫读是很重要的环节，目的是找到与题目相关的段落或者语句才能找到做题依据。而在托福阅读考试中，是每阅读完一段就做只涉及该段的题目，信息集中，重要的是节省了大量的时间，缓解了托福阅读文章通篇的眩晕感。而这部分题目就是四六级中常说的细节题。
托福阅读近义词选择有技巧
几乎每段中都会有生词意思辨析题，有些词考生因为知道不少托福阅读技巧，一看就认识，这样的题目就很容易了，但是也不能粗心大意，如果时间富裕或者把握不大，可以把选项带入文章中检查一遍。对于那些不认识的词汇，也是有许多技巧的。首先是分析词性，采用排除法排除词性不一致的选项。其次是用代入法。选项中给出的词意一般就是考生认识的，将选项带入，分析一下是否能够保证原文合情合理，通顺。
分段托福阅读打基础
在分段阅读的同时，可以记下关键词或者中心句，在文章结束时就可以有根据回想起整篇文章的脉络结构，逻辑关系，对14题的选择有很大帮助。同时题目中也明确给了做题方法，即没有提到的信息或者不重要的观点就可以排除了。
托福阅读真题1
Archaeological literature is rich in descriptions of pot making. Unlike modern industrial potters, prehistoric artisans created each of their pieces individually, using the simplest technology but demonstrating remarkable skill in making and adorning their vessels.
The clay used in prehistoric pot making was invariably selected with the utmost care: often it was traded over considerable distances. The consistency of the clay was crucial: it was pounded meticulously and mixed with water to make it entirely even in texture. By careful kneading, the potter removed the air bubbles and made the clay as plastic as possible, allowing it to be molded into shape as the pot was built up, When a pot is fired, it loses its water and can crack, so the potter added a temper to the clay, a substance that helped reduce shrinkage and cracking.
Since surface finishes provided a pleasing appearance and also improved the durability in day-to-day use, the potter smoothed the exterior surface of the pot with wet hands. Often a wet clay solution, known as a slip, was applied to the smooth surface. Brightly colored slips were often used and formed painted decorations on the vessel. In later times. Glazes came into use in some areas. A glaze is a form of slip that turns to a glasslike finish during high-temperature firing. When a slip was not applied, the vessel was allowed to dry slowly until the external surface was almost like leather in texture. It was then rubbed with a round stone or similar object to give it a shiny, hard surface. Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.
Most early pottery was then fired over open hearths. The vessels were covered with fast-burning wood; as it burned, the ashes would all around the pots and bake them evenly over a few hours. Far higher temperatures were attained in special ovens, known as kilns, which would not only bake the clay and remove its plasticity, but also dissolve carbons and iron compounds. Kilns were also used for glazing, when two firings were needed. Once fired, the pots were allowed to cool slowly, and small cracks were repaired before they were ready for use.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Why archaeologists study prehistoric pot making
(B) How early pottery was made and decorated
(C) The development of kilns used by early potters
(D) The variety of decorations on Prehistoric pottery
2. The word meticulously in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) heavily
(B) initially
(C) carefully
(D) completely
3. Which of the following was a process used by prehistoric potters to improve the texture of the clay?
(A) adding temper
(B) removing the water
(C) beating on the clay
(D) mixing the clay with plastic substances
4. The word durability in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) quality
(B) endurance
(C) adaptability
(D) applicability
5. Prehistoric potters applied slips and glazes to their vessels in order to do which of the
following?
(A) Improve the appearance of the vessels
(B) prevent the vessels from leaking
(C) Help the vessels to dry more quickly
(D) Give the vessels a leather like quality
6. Which of the following was a method used by some potters to give vessels a glassy finish?
(A) Smoothing them with wet hands
(B) Mixing the clay with colored solutions
(C) Baking them at a very high temperature
(D) Rubbing them with a smooth hard object
7. The word incised in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) designed
(B) carved
(C) detailed
(D) painted
8. The word they in ling 27 refers to
(A) kilns
(B) firings
(C) pots
(D) cracks
9. According to the passage , the advantage of kilns over open fires was that the kilns
(A) required less wood for burning
(B) reached higher temperatures
(C) kept ashes away from the pots
(D) baked vessels without cracking them
10. Look at the terms temper (line 10), glazes (line 16), kilns (line 24), and compounds (line 25).
Which of these terms is NOT defined in the passage ?
(A) temper
(B) glazes
(C) kilns
(D) compounds
11. The passage mentions that when pottery is fired under burning wood, the ashes help
(A) prevent the clay from cracking
(B) produce a more consistently baked pot
(C) attain a very high temperature
(D) give the vessel a glasslike finish
PASSAGE 49 BCCBA DBCBD B
托福阅读真题2
The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States was responsible for sweeping changes in attitudes toward the decorative arts, then considered the minor or household arts. Its focus on decorative arts helped to induce United States museums and private collectors to begin collecting furniture, glass, ceramics, metalwork, and textiles in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century. The importance now placed on attractive and harmonious home decoration can also be traced to this period, when Victorian interior arrangements were revised to admit greater light and more freely flowing spaces.
The Arts and Crafts Movement reacted against mechanized processes that threatened handcrafts and resulted in cheapened, monotonous merchandise. Founded in the late nineteenth century by British social critics John Ruskin and William Morris, the movement revered craft as a form of art. In a rapidly industrializing society, most Victorians agreed that art was an essential moral ingredient in the home environment, and in many middle- and working-class homes craft was the only form of art, Ruskin and his followers criticized not only the degradation of artisans reduced to machine operators, but also the impending loss of daily contact with handcrafted objects, fashioned with pride, integrity, and attention to beauty.
In the United States as well as in Great Britain, reformers extolled the virtues of handcrafted objects: simple, straightforward design; solid materials of good quality; and sound, enduring construction techniques. These criteria were interpreted in a variety of styles, ranging from rational and geometric to romantic or naturalistic. Whether abstract, stylized, or realistically treated, the consistent theme in virtually all Arts and Crafts design is nature.
The Arts and Crafts Movement was much more than a particular style; it was a philosophy of domestic life. Proponents believed that if simple design, high-quality materials, and honest construction were realized in the home and its appointments, then the occupants would enjoy moral and therapeutic effects. For both artisan and consumer, the Arts and Crafts doctrine was seen as a magical force against the undesirable effects of industrialization.
1. The passage primarily focuses on nineteenth-century arts and crafts in terms of which of the following?
(A) Their naturalistic themes
(B) Their importance in museum collections
(C) Their British origin
(D) Their role in an industrialized society
2. According to the passage , before the nineteenth century, artisans were thought to be
(A) defenders of moral standards
(B) creators of cheap merchandise
(C) skilled workers
(D) artists
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the Arts and Crafts Movement would have considered
all of the following to be artists EXCEPT
(A) creators of textile designs
(B) people who produce handmade glass objects
(C) operators of machines that automatically cut legs for furniture
(D) metalworkers who create unique pieces of jewelry
4. The word revered in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) respected
(B) described
(C) avoided
(D) created
5. According to paragraph 2, the handcrafted objects in the homes of middle- and working-class
families usually were
(A) made by members of the family
(B) the least expensive objects in their homes
(C) regarded as being morally uplifting
(D) thought to symbolize progress
6. The word extolled in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) exposed
(B) praised
(C) believed
(D) accepted
7. The author mentions all of the following as attributes of handcrafted objects EXCEPT
(A) the pride with which they were crafted
(B) the complexity of their design
(C) the long time that they lasted
(D) the quality of their materials
8. The word consistent in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) conservative
(B) considerable
(C) constant
(D) concrete
9. According to the passage , which of the following changes occurred at the same time as the
Arts and Crafts Movement?
(A) The creation of brighter and more airy spaces inside homes
(B) The rejection of art that depicted nature in a realistic manner
(C) A decline of interest in art museum collections
(D) An increase in the buying of imported art objects
10. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?
(A) Private collectors in the nineteenth century concentrated on acquiring paintings.
(B) The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States, unlike the one in Britain, did not react
strongly against mechanized processes.
(C) Handcrafted objects in the United States and Britain in the nineteenth century did not use
geometric designs.
(D) The Arts and Crafts Movement believed in the beneficial effect for people from being
surrounded by beautiful objects.
PASSAGE 50 DCCAC BBCAD
篇5：托福阅读中的倒装句
托福阅读之所以让同学们苦恼，除了托福阅读词汇量较大以外，句子结构复杂也是新托福阅读的障碍之一。面对难句，我们必须迅速把握其主干和重点，下面介绍的倒装句便是如此。来看看吧!
托福阅读中的倒装句整理
托福阅读中的倒装句主要有下列情况：
1.方位副词放在句首
Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine。
2.介词放在句首
Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate， lay eggs， and rear their young are common murres， Atlantic puffins， black-legged kittiwakes， and northern gannets。
3. 形容词放在句首
Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well： that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony。
4.过去分词放在句首
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”， the film has never been， in the full sense of the word， silent。
5.现在分词放在句首
Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate， or transitional， between land mammals and cetaceans。
句子倒装的目的主要有两个：
一是被提前的部分被强调，如上述的第四句：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，其中的accustomed按照正常语序应该放在are之后：Though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”。之所以将accustomed提前，是为了强调它。二是为了句子的平衡，否则将导致头重脚轻的效果，如上述的第一句、第三句和第五句。以第五句为例，按照正常语序应该是：Fossils clearly intermediate， or transitional， between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently。但是这种句子结构比较糟糕，因为主语及其修饰语过长(从句首直到cetaceans)，而谓语部分were missing until recently较短，容易造成头重脚轻的效果。第五句将missing提前，避免了这一现象。
托福阅读中为了考试时能迅速把握句子的主干，大家需要进行更多的阅读和分析，每种托福阅读难句类型都有一定的练习，在不断的练习中自己总结不同类型文章的行文思路，不同类型考题的答题技巧，练得多了考试时就能驾轻就熟了。
托福阅读中常见的八个问题
1、如何合理利用技巧完成托福阅读?
参加托福考试的考试一般集中在高中生、大学生，词汇量在四五千左右，他们在接触托福阅读的时候会遇到很多生词，尤其是分门别类的学科词汇，分为地理、天文、生物学、动物学四大块，学员就会有很多的误解，到底应该掌握多少词汇才能做好托福阅读。其实只要确定好中心词汇和构架词汇的区别，对学科词汇只需要认知，对构架词汇需要熟知。在技巧中只需要通过分解句型，由于托福阅读特别长，每个都是长连句分析，把它按照逻辑分解之后，按照关键词，找到重点部分，最后找到简洁的出题主干，就很容易理解了。
2、在读托福阅读的文章时应该采用什么顺序和方法?
读文章一般都是先看题目再读文章。看题目的话，托福和雅思的区别就在于要我们自己去定位，因为每个题目都是按照文章的顺序顺延下来的，只是在最后一个小结题目的时候需要翻开前面的文章，重点读每一段的首末句找到它。
3、平时再教学中，学生做托福阅读题目时有什么常见的误区吗?
大多数学生的问题都在于对句子的理解，尤其是复合句，学生无法理解整个句子，而是会按照个别的单次来分散，造成句子理解的中断。我们在教导的时候会把句子分解，让学生去看句子的构架，这样学生去找主干的话就会容易的多了。由于托福阅读中，一长段的内容实际上有效信息并不多，要从中找出有效信息就需要对句型有了解，只看独立的词就无法理解意思。
4、托福阅读是需要六级以上的词汇量才能得到相对较高的分数吗?为什么?
学生考过六级之后不一定能在托福上获得高分，六级和托福的考试还是有非常大的区别。六级的词汇量是考托福起码的一个基础。因为六级背诵的大多数是构架词汇，这些是需要熟练的。如果有六级词汇的基础，后续学习中基础提高也会比较快。
5、对于基础较差的学生，或者是词汇量不足的高中生，如何学习托福去拿到一个较好的分数?
现在教研组也开发出了针对不同学生所需要的词表，词汇会划分等级层层递进，我们现在也已经开始对学生实行，效果也很好。
6、那对于基础较差的学生，需要他们词汇量增加到六级的程度，是否也会比较困难?
也不会很难。词表设计十分合理，每一级别都是考试中经常出现的高频词汇，我们也会让学生每天掌握一定的量，学生如果能按照老师的要求每天完成，进展还是很快的。
7、近期的托福阅读考试趋势如何?
最近考试可能会出现一些经济类、美国国家文化、城市类的比较多，通过最近几次的考试也能看出这些内容以前都有涉及到，现在渐渐地考试中出现多了，像考古学现在也有出现，这些类型的文章对学生的难度也会比较大，对学生熟悉度较低，尤其像考古学的内容会涉及到专业性的词汇，这些词汇会有很基础的构架，我们会让学生记下来，这样答题也会比较容易。
8、对于近期要准备托福考试的学生，是否有建议?
建议学生正式备考的时间不超过三个月。考试前还是希望同学不要浮躁，按照老师的要求去专心备考，不要有特别多的侥幸心理。有同学可能觉得选择题可以按照所谓的技巧去蒙题猜题。我们确实是有给到一些很便捷的猜测题目方法，但是如果在考试时间比较充裕的前提下，还是安心备考，从最基础的学起，学习必要词汇，分析文章的方法，培养成一个良好的阅读习惯。
托福阅读真题1
The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment. In addition to their sophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of the most complex social organizations of any nonagricultural people in the world.
In a division of labor similar to that of the hunting peoples in the interior and among foraging peoples throughout the world, the men did most of the fishing, and the women processed the catch. Women also specialized in the gathering of the abundant shellfish that lived closer to shore. They collected oysters, crabs, sea urchins, mussels, abalone, and clams, which they could gather while remaining close to their children. The maritime life harvested by the women not only provided food, but also supplied more of the raw materials for making tools than did fish gathered by the men. Of particular importance for the native tool kit before the introduction of metal was the wide knife made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting edges that could be made from other marine shells.
The women used their tools to process all of the fish and marine mammals brought in by the men. They cleaned the fish, and dried vast quantities of them for the winter. They sun-dried fish when practical, but in the rainy climate of the coastal area they also used smokehouses to preserve tons of fish and other seafood annually. Each product had its own peculiar characteristics that demanded a particular way of cutting or drying the meat, and each task required its own cutting blades and other utensils.
After drying the fish, the women pounded some of them into fish meal, which was an easily transported food used in soups, stews, or other dishes to provide protein and thickening in the absence of fresh fish or while on long trips. The woman also made a cheese-like substance from a mixture of fish and roe by aging it in storehouses or by burying it in wooden boxes or pits lined with rocks and tree leaves.
1. Which aspect of the lives of the Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast does the passage
mainly discuss?
(A) Methods of food preservation
(B) How diet was restricted by the environment
(C) The contributions of women to the food supply
(D) Difficulties in establishing successful farms
2. The word unique in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) comprehensible
(B) productive
(C) intentional
(D) particular
3. The word attained in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) achieved
(B) modified
(C) demanded
(D) spread
4. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that the social organization of many agricultural peoples is
(A) more complex than that of hunters and foragers
(B) less efficient than that of hunters and foragers
(C) more widespread than that of hunters and foragers
(D) better documented than that of hunters and foragers
5. According to the passage , what is true of the division of labor mentioned in line 5?
(A) It was first developed by Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast.
(B) It rarely existed among hunting
(C) It was a structure that the Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast shared with many
other peoples.
(D) It provided a form of social organization that was found mainly among coastal peoples.
6. The word abundant in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) prosperous
(B) plentiful
(C) acceptable
(D) fundamental
7. All of the following are true of the north Pacific coast women EXCEPT that they
(A) were more likely to catch shellfish than other kinds of fish
(B) contributed more materials for tool making than the men did
(C) sometimes searched for food far inland from the coast
(D) prepared and preserved the fish
8. The word They in line 16 refers to
(A) women
(B) tools
(C) mammals
(D) men
9. The Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast used smokehouses in order to
(A) store utensils used in food preparation
(B) prevent fish and shellfish from spoiling
(C) have a place to store fish and shellfish
(D) prepare elaborate meals
10. The wore peculiar in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) strange
(B) distinctive
(C) appealing
(D) biological
11. All of following are true of the cheese-like substance mentioned in paragraph 4 EXCEPT that it
was
(A) made from fish
(B) not actually cheese
(C) useful on long journeys
(D) made in a short period of time
PASSAGE 39 CDAAC BCABB D
托福阅读真题2
According to anthropologists, people in preindustrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modern comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) when 10- to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm. Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoons as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870's, but did not become common in the United States until the 1920's.
In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move from 60 hours per week to just under 50 hours by the start of the 1930's. In 1914 Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the idea was popular with workers.
The Depression years of the 1930's brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940, and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not immutable. In 1987, for example, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37.5-hour workweek; and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6- to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1,800 work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work per year in Japan in 1989 was 2,088 hours per worker, compared to 1,957 for the United States and 1,646 for France.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Why people in preindustrial societies worked few hours per week
(B) Changes that have occurred in the number of hours that people work per week
(C) A comparison of the number of hours worked per year in several industries
(D) Working conditions during the Industrial Revolution
2. Compared to preiudustrial times, the number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth century
(A) remained constant
(B) decreased slightly
(C) decreased significantly
(D) increased significantly
3. The word norm in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) minimum.
(B) example
(C) possibility
(D) standard
4. The word henceforth in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) in the end
(B) for a brief period
(C) from that time on
(D) on occasion
5. The idea mentioned in line 15 refers to
(A) the 60-hour workweek
(B) the reduction in the cost of automobiles
(C) the reduction in the workweek at some automobile factories
(D) the criticism of Ford by United States Steel and Westinghouse
6. What is one reason for the change in the length of the workweek for the average worker in the
United States during the 1930's?
(A) Several people sometimes shared a single job.
(B) Labor strikes in several countries influenced labor policy in the United States.
(C) Several corporations increased the length of the workweek.
(D) The United States government instituted a 35-hour workweek.
7. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act of
1938 ?
(A) to discourage workers from asking for increased wages
(B) to establish a limit on the number of hours in the workweek
(C) to allow employers to set the length of the workweek for their workers
(D) to restrict trade with countries that had a long workweek
8. The word mandated in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) required
(B) recommended
(C) eliminated
(D) considered
9. The word immutable in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) unmatched
(B) irregular
(C) unnecessary
(D) unchangeable
10. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence that the length of the workweek has
been declining since the nineteenth century?
(A) The half-day holiday (line 7)
(B) Henry Ford (lines 11-12)
(C) United States Steel and Westinghouse (line 14-15)
(D) German metalworkers (line 21)
11. According to the passage , one goal of the Japanese government is to reduce the average
annual amount of work to
(A) 1,646 hours
(B) 1,800 hours
(C) 1,957 hours
(D) 2,088 hours
PASSAGE 40 BDDCC ABADCB
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